• DAY1SVR: Day 1 Convective Outlook

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 17 15:54:18 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 171554
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 171552

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1052 AM CDT Fri Oct 17 2025

    Valid 171630Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS EVENING
    OVER PARTS OF NORTHERN/WESTERN OKLAHOMA...EASTERN KANSAS...AND
    WESTERN MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with isolated large hail and severe gusts will be
    possible this evening and tonight from the southern and central
    Plains into the lower Missouri Valley.

    ...Central Plains/Lower Missouri Valley...
    An upper trough over the western states will maintain deep
    southwesterly flow across the Plains states. A surface cold front
    currently extending from eastern NE into the TX Panhandle will sag southeastward into a somewhat moist and unstable air mass, providing
    the focus for scattered thunderstorms. Convection now occurring in
    southeast NE will expand eastward and southward this afternoon, with
    storms building southwestward along the front into OK through the
    evening. Thermodynamic parameters are relatively weak, with poor
    lapse rates and marginal CAPE. However, the combination of frontal
    forcing and favorable shear profiles may result in isolated strong
    storms this evening capable of hail and gusty/damaging winds.

    ..Hart/Kerr.. 10/17/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 17 19:52:21 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 171952
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 171950

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0250 PM CDT Fri Oct 17 2025

    Valid 172000Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN/WESTERN OKLAHOMA...EASTERN KANSAS...AND WESTERN MISSOURI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with isolated large hail and severe gusts will be
    possible this evening and tonight from the southern and central
    Plains into the lower Missouri Valley.

    ...20Z Update...
    No changes to the ongoing forecast. See the previous discussion for
    additional details.

    ..Wendt.. 10/17/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1052 AM CDT Fri Oct 17 2025/

    ...Central Plains/Lower Missouri Valley...
    An upper trough over the western states will maintain deep
    southwesterly flow across the Plains states. A surface cold front
    currently extending from eastern NE into the TX Panhandle will sag southeastward into a somewhat moist and unstable air mass, providing
    the focus for scattered thunderstorms. Convection now occurring in
    southeast NE will expand eastward and southward this afternoon, with
    storms building southwestward along the front into OK through the
    evening. Thermodynamic parameters are relatively weak, with poor
    lapse rates and marginal CAPE. However, the combination of frontal
    forcing and favorable shear profiles may result in isolated strong
    storms this evening capable of hail and gusty/damaging winds.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 18 00:58:22 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 180058
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 180056

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0756 PM CDT Fri Oct 17 2025

    Valid 180100Z - 181200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF WESTERN/NORTHERN OK...SOUTH-CENTRAL INTO EASTERN KS...WESTERN MO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with isolated large hail and severe gusts will be
    possible this evening into late tonight from the southern and
    central Plains into the lower Missouri Valley.

    ...Central/southern Plains into the lower MO Valley...
    Weak to locally moderate buoyancy (MLCAPE of 500-1000 J/kg) is in
    place this evening from parts of the southern Plains northeastward
    into the lower MO Valley and Upper Midwest, along/ahead of a weak,
    slow-moving cold front. An increase in storm coverage is expected
    this evening from eastern KS into northern MO and parts of the Upper
    Midwest, as a mid/upper-level trough moves across the region and a
    low-level jet nocturnally strengthens. Effective shear of 40+ kt
    will support potential for organized convection, though storm
    intensity will tend to be limited by generally weak midlevel lapse
    rates. Isolated hail and localized damaging gusts will be possible
    with the strongest storms, especially from eastern KS into
    western/northern MO, where instability will be greater compared to
    areas farther northeast.

    Farther south, storm coverage is expected to increase late tonight
    across parts of western/northern OK into southern KS, in response to
    a mid/upper-level shortwave trough moving across the southern
    Rockies. Some cooling aloft and steepening of midlevel lapse rates
    will maintain moderate MUCAPE through the night, while effective
    shear will remain sufficient for occasional storm organization. The
    strongest storms late tonight may become capable of producing
    isolated hail and strong/damaging gusts.

    ..Dean.. 10/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 18 06:02:26 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 180602
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 180600

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025

    Valid 181200Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE ARKLATEX
    AND OZARKS INTO PARTS OF THE LOWER/MID MS VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible today into tonight
    across parts of the Ark-La-Tex, Ozarks, mid to lower Mississippi and
    lower Ohio Valleys. Damaging winds, a few tornadoes and hail may
    occur.

    ...Synopsis...
    A vigorous mid/upper-level trough will dig southeastward across the central/northern Plains later today. In response to this system, a
    shortwave trough initially over the southern High Plains will eject
    quickly east-northeastward during the day toward the ArkLaTex. The
    combination of these systems will eventually result in development
    of a deep and progressive trough becoming established over the MS
    Valley by early Sunday morning. As this occurs, a surface low will
    develop along a cold front across the south-central Plains. This
    surface low will deepen and move northeastward through the period,
    eventually reaching Lower MI by 12Z Sunday morning.

    ...Eastern TX/OK into parts of the lower/mid MS Valley...
    Convection will likely increase in coverage and intensity from
    southern MO into eastern OK/TX from late morning onward, as the
    ejecting shortwave trough approaches the region. Moderate buoyancy
    and strengthening deep-layer shear will support organized convection
    that will spread eastward through the afternoon. Initial supercell
    development could pose a threat for a hail and locally damaging
    wind, along with some tornado potential. Increasing ascent will tend
    to favor eventual storm clustering and possible QLCS development
    with time, resulting in a continued damaging-wind threat, along with
    some embedded brief tornado potential.

    Guidance generally depicts a local buoyancy minimum across eastern
    AR into western TN by late afternoon, which could cause some
    weakening as storms move into this area. However, a notable increase
    in the low-level jet may support some reintensification of storms
    during the evening near and east of the lower MS Valley. A continued
    threat for damaging winds and possibly a couple of tornadoes may
    persist overnight near and north of the central Gulf Coast vicinity.


    ...Parts of the Ohio Valley/Midwest...
    Early-day convection across parts of the southern Great Lakes
    vicinity could produce locally gusty winds, through weak instability
    may tend to limit organized severe potential with the morning
    storms. Additional storms may develop during the afternoon within a
    favorably sheared environment, with a strongly forced line becoming
    possible later this evening/overnight as the surface low deepens and
    moves northeastward. The magnitude of the severe threat may be
    limited by scant instability, but strong ascent and strong
    deep-layer flow/shear will support some potential for damaging gusts
    and perhaps a brief tornado or two.

    ..Dean/Thornton.. 10/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 18 12:47:58 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 181247
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 181246

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0746 AM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025

    Valid 181300Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE ARKLATEX
    AND OZARKS INTO PARTS OF THE LOWER/MID MS VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible mainly this afternoon
    into tonight across parts of the Ark-La-Tex, Ozarks, mid to lower
    Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. Damaging winds, a few tornadoes
    and hail may occur.

    ...Synopsis...
    A vigorous mid/upper-level trough will dig southeastward across the central/northern Plains later today. Water-vapor imagery this
    morning shows a potent shortwave trough over the southern High
    Plains and this feature will quickly move toward the ArkLaTex by
    early evening. The combination of these systems will eventually
    result in development of a deep and progressive trough becoming
    established over the MS Valley by early Sunday morning. Morning
    surface analysis places a low over northern OK and frontal zone
    extending northeast. The low will develop northeast during the
    period and eventually reach Lower MI by early Sunday morning.

    ...Eastern TX/OK into parts of the lower/mid MS Valley...
    Morning radar/satellite imagery shows the initial shower/storm
    development over western MO/eastern KS into parts of west TX. This
    activity will likely increase in coverage and intensity from
    southern MO into eastern OK/TX through midday, as the ejecting
    shortwave trough approaches the region. A plume of 60s deg F
    surface dewpoints and some diurnal destabilization will lead to
    moderate buoyancy by afternoon. As storms gradually develop,
    strengthening deep-layer shear will support storm organization.
    Some initial supercell development could pose a threat for hail with
    some tornado/damaging wind potential also perhaps accompanying this
    activity. Increasing ascent and upscale growth into convective
    bands/lines will favor a continued risk for damaging gusts and
    possibly some embedded brief tornado potential.

    Prior forecast thinking of reduced buoyancy centered over eastern
    AR/western TN may result in storms weakening as they move into this
    area. However, a notable increase in the low-level jet may support
    some reintensification of storms during the evening near and east of
    the lower MS Valley towards evening and into tonight. A continued
    threat for damaging winds and possibly a couple of tornadoes may
    persist overnight near and north of the central Gulf Coast vicinity.

    ...Parts of the Ohio Valley/Midwest...
    Latest model guidance generally shows scattered storms developing
    later this afternoon coincident with diurnal destabilization.
    Initial storm development over the MO/IL/western KY vicinity will
    tend to grow upscale into a forced thunderstorm band later this evening/overnight as forcing for ascent increases and overspreads
    the region from the west. The magnitude of the severe threat may be
    limited by scant instability, but strong ascent and strong
    deep-layer flow/shear will support some potential for damaging gusts
    and perhaps a brief tornado or two.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 18 16:19:31 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 181619
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 181617

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1117 AM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025

    Valid 181630Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THROUGH TONIGHT
    FROM THE ARK-LA-TEX TO THE LOWER OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible mainly this afternoon
    into tonight across parts of the Ark-La-Tex, Ozarks, mid to lower
    Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. Damaging winds, a few tornadoes
    and hail may occur.

    ...Synopsis...
    A southern stream shortwave trough will eject quickly
    east-northeastward from TX/OK to AR/MO, prior to phasing with an
    amplifying northern stream trough by tonight across the mid MS
    Valley. Downstream from the phasing troughs, a deepening surface
    cyclone will develop northeastward tonight from the mid MS Valley to
    Lower MI, as a trailing cold front surges southeastward from the
    Plains into the mid-lower MS Valley.

    ...TX/OK today into the MS/OH Valleys through early Sunday...
    Regional 12z soundings revealed a plume of 7.5-8 C/km midlevel lapse
    rates (FWD-OUN-LMN) atop low-level dewpoints in the 60s, which is
    already contributing to moderate buoyancy (MUCAPE up to 1500 J/kg)
    as of mid morning. As continued forcing for ascent with the lead
    shortwave trough overspreads the moisture/buoyancy plume, ongoing
    thunderstorms are expected to increase in coverage through the
    afternoon from southern MO/IL to eastern OK/western AR and
    north/northeast TX. Initial storms will be in the form of
    clusters/short line segments with upscale growth into a more
    extensive squall line expected by later this afternoon/evening.

    Buoyancy will increase some in the moisture plume through the
    afternoon with surface heating in cloud breaks, and deep-layer
    vertical shear will increase with the approach of the ejecting
    midlevel trough. Thus, the stronger embedded cells will have the
    potential to produce large hail (1-1.75 inches in diameter) along
    with an increase in the threat for wind damage as convection becomes
    more linear. The tornado threat is a bit more uncertain given the
    early/messy start to convection this morning, and since low-level
    shear will not be strong this afternoon in the warm sector as a
    result of primary cyclogenesis not occurring until tonight from IL
    into lower MI (north of the richer low-level moisture). Still, a
    couple of tornadoes may occur with embedded circulations. There
    will be the potential for more discrete supercells and a few
    tornadoes ahead of the larger-scale line of storms from far east TX
    into LA/southern AR and MS overnight where boundary-layer dewpoints
    exceed 70 F and low-level shear increases.

    Though buoyancy will be weak, rapidly strengthening wind fields
    overnight and forcing for ascent along the synoptic cold front could
    support a low-topped line of convection with the potential for wind
    damage and possible a couple of embedded tornadoes from the OH
    Valley into southeast Lower MI ~06-12z.

    ..Thompson/Supinie.. 10/18/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 18 19:51:31 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 181951
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 181949

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0249 PM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025

    Valid 182000Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THROUGH TONIGHT
    FROM THE ARK-LA-TEX TO THE LOWER OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible mainly this afternoon
    into tonight across parts of the Ark-La-Tex, Ozarks, mid to lower
    Mississippi and lower Ohio Valleys. Damaging winds, a few tornadoes
    and hail may occur.

    ...20Z Update...
    Given the progression of the shortwave trough in the southern
    Plains, severe probabilities have been removed behind ongoing
    convection from parts of northeast Texas into western Arkansas and
    southwest Missouri. The 18Z soundings from Shreveport and Little
    Rock show modest mid-level lapse rates and low-level shear. The wind
    profile is expected to improve somewhat later this afternoon into
    the early evening. Discrete showers and thunderstorms are steadily
    increasing in intensity in the ArkLaTex region. As this activity
    move north and east over the next several hours, it will pose a
    locally higher tornado threat so long as storm mode remains
    favorable. Additional forecast details can be found in the previous
    forecast below. Other short-term details are in MCD 2152.

    ..Wendt.. 10/18/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1117 AM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025/

    ...Synopsis...
    A southern stream shortwave trough will eject quickly
    east-northeastward from TX/OK to AR/MO, prior to phasing with an
    amplifying northern stream trough by tonight across the mid MS
    Valley. Downstream from the phasing troughs, a deepening surface
    cyclone will develop northeastward tonight from the mid MS Valley to
    Lower MI, as a trailing cold front surges southeastward from the
    Plains into the mid-lower MS Valley.

    ...TX/OK today into the MS/OH Valleys through early Sunday...
    Regional 12z soundings revealed a plume of 7.5-8 C/km midlevel lapse
    rates (FWD-OUN-LMN) atop low-level dewpoints in the 60s, which is
    already contributing to moderate buoyancy (MUCAPE up to 1500 J/kg)
    as of mid morning. As continued forcing for ascent with the lead
    shortwave trough overspreads the moisture/buoyancy plume, ongoing
    thunderstorms are expected to increase in coverage through the
    afternoon from southern MO/IL to eastern OK/western AR and
    north/northeast TX. Initial storms will be in the form of
    clusters/short line segments with upscale growth into a more
    extensive squall line expected by later this afternoon/evening.

    Buoyancy will increase some in the moisture plume through the
    afternoon with surface heating in cloud breaks, and deep-layer
    vertical shear will increase with the approach of the ejecting
    midlevel trough. Thus, the stronger embedded cells will have the
    potential to produce large hail (1-1.75 inches in diameter) along
    with an increase in the threat for wind damage as convection becomes
    more linear. The tornado threat is a bit more uncertain given the
    early/messy start to convection this morning, and since low-level
    shear will not be strong this afternoon in the warm sector as a
    result of primary cyclogenesis not occurring until tonight from IL
    into lower MI (north of the richer low-level moisture). Still, a
    couple of tornadoes may occur with embedded circulations. There
    will be the potential for more discrete supercells and a few
    tornadoes ahead of the larger-scale line of storms from far east TX
    into LA/southern AR and MS overnight where boundary-layer dewpoints
    exceed 70 F and low-level shear increases.

    Though buoyancy will be weak, rapidly strengthening wind fields
    overnight and forcing for ascent along the synoptic cold front could
    support a low-topped line of convection with the potential for wind
    damage and possible a couple of embedded tornadoes from the OH
    Valley into southeast Lower MI ~06-12z.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 19 01:02:05 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 190102
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 190100

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0800 PM CDT Sat Oct 18 2025

    Valid 190100Z - 191200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM EAST TX INTO
    PARTS OF THE LOWER MS AND OH VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered damaging winds and a few tornadoes remain possible this
    evening into late tonight across parts of Louisiana and Mississippi
    into parts of western Alabama. Some potential for locally damaging
    wind and a couple brief tornadoes may also continue into parts of
    the Tennessee and Ohio Valleys.

    ...ArkLaMiss into parts of AL/TN and the FL Panhandle...
    Widespread strong to locally severe storms are ongoing this evening
    across the ArkLaMiss region, in advance of an ejecting
    mid/upper-level shortwave trough that is approaching the lower/mid
    MS Valley. Buoyancy will remain rather modest, but strengthening
    deep-layer flow fields will continue to support organized convection
    as storms move eastward across LA/MS into parts of TN/AL and the FL
    Panhandle. Continued storm clustering and possible QLCS development
    will support potential for scattered damaging winds this evening
    into the overnight hours. Increasing low-level shear and
    boundary-layer moisture will also result in some supercell and QLCS
    tornado potential, especially from northern LA into MS, where the
    richest boundary-layer moisture (with dewpoints near/above 70 F)
    will reside.

    ...Ohio Valley vicinity...
    As a vigorous mid/upper-level shortwave trough begins to phase with
    the shortwave approaching the MS Valley, a surface low is forecast
    to deepen as it moves northeastward toward Lower MI, accompanied by
    a substantial increase in low/midlevel flow fields. As this occurs,
    some increase in convective organization will be possible as ongoing
    convection moves northeastward across parts of the OH Valley into
    Lower MI. Increasingly scant instability may tend to limit the
    magnitude of the severe threat, but some potential for locally
    damaging wind and a brief tornado may continue through the late
    evening. There is also some potential for a band of low-topped
    convection with gusty winds to develop along a surging cold front
    prior to the end of the forecast period.

    ...Parts of central/eastern OK...
    A few strong to severe storms have developed this evening across
    parts of central/eastern OK along a southeastward-moving cold front.
    Increasing CINH and decreasing instability with time will lead to an
    eventual weakening trend, but very isolated hail and strong gusts
    cannot be ruled out through around 02Z.

    ..Dean.. 10/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 19 06:02:07 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 190602
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 190600

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025

    Valid 191200Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS INTO THE MID ATLANTIC AND SOUTHERN NEW
    ENGLAND...AND ALSO NEAR PARTS OF THE GULF COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible this morning from
    south Alabama into southwest Georgia and the Florida Panhandle.
    Localized wind damage will be possible later today from the central Appalachians into parts of the Mid Atlantic. Late tonight, localized
    wind damage and possibly a brief tornado will be possible from the
    northern Mid Atlantic into parts of southern New England.

    ...Synopsis...
    A deep mid/upper-level trough is forecast to take on a negative tilt
    as it moves eastward from the MS Valley into the Mid Atlantic and
    Northeast. A surface low initially over Lower MI will move
    north-northeastward toward Hudson Bay, with secondary low
    development expected in the upper Great Lakes vicinity late in the
    period. A cold front will surge southeastward through parts of the
    Southeast, Ohio Valley, and Mid Atlantic.

    ...South AL into the FL Panhandle and southwest GA...
    Strong to locally severe storms will likely be ongoing at the start
    of the period across parts of south AL and the western FL Panhandle.
    Rich boundary-layer moisture, sufficient buoyancy, and initially
    favorable low-level and deep-layer shear will support potential for
    locally damaging gusts and possibly a tornado or two. As large-scale
    ascent lifts away from the region with time, a general weakening
    trend is currently expected from late morning into the afternoon.

    ...Central Appalachians into the Mid Atlantic vicinity...
    Buoyancy will remain quite limited through most of the day
    along/ahead of the cold front from the central Appalachians into the
    Mid Atlantic. However, low/midlevel flow will be strong, with 40-50
    kt in the 850-700 mb layer. A band of low-topped convection
    (potentially with little or no lightning) will likely develop along
    the eastward-moving cold front, and may become capable of producing convectively enhanced strong/damaging gusts within this strong-flow
    regime.

    Late in the period, somewhat richer low-level moisture (with
    dewpoints in the low 60s F) will advect inland into northern parts
    of the Mid Atlantic and southern New England. Buoyancy may become
    sufficient for somewhat deeper convection, as indicated by a modest
    increase in HREF calibrated thunderstorm probabilities between
    06-12Z. With strong low-level flow/shear in place, locally damaging
    wind and possibly a brief tornado could accompany convection along
    the front into early Monday morning.

    ..Dean/Thornton.. 10/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 19 12:37:08 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 191237
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 191235

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0735 AM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025

    Valid 191300Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY/CENTRAL APPALACHIANS INTO THE MID ATLANTIC AND
    SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND...AND THE NORTHEAST GULF COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible this morning from
    south Alabama into southwest Georgia and the Florida Panhandle.
    Localized wind damage will be possible later today from upper Ohio Valley/central Appalachians into parts of the Mid Atlantic. Late
    tonight, localized wind damage and possibly a brief tornado will be
    possible from the northern Mid Atlantic into parts of southern New
    England.

    ...Synopsis...
    Water-vapor imagery this morning shows a powerful mid- to
    upper-level trough from western Ontario southward to the central
    Gulf Coast. This upper feature will attain a negative tilt as it
    moves towards the Eastern Seaboard tonight. A cyclone analyzed this
    morning over Lake Huron will move north-northeastward toward Hudson
    Bay, while a trailing cold front will push east-southeastward
    through parts of the Southeast, Ohio Valley, and Mid Atlantic.

    ...FL Panhandle vicinity...
    An ongoing band of convection will continue to move eastward across
    the northeast Gulf Coast as the airmass attempts to slowly
    destabilize ahead of it. The latest surface observations confine
    the richer moisture to the immediate coastal counties (i.e., beaches
    and bays) of the FL Panhandle, where upper 60s to low 70s deg F
    dewpoints reside. Relatively poor lapse rates will limit updraft
    vigor and the overall coverage/intensity of strong to locally severe
    storm activity. Nonetheless, the moist low levels in the presence
    of moderate speed shear in the surface-2km layer will perhaps
    support an isolated threat for a brief/weak tornado and/or a
    damaging gust. This activity will likely weaken towards midday as
    large-scale ascent focuses farther north and away from the region.

    ...Eastern OH into the central Appalachians and Mid Atlantic
    vicinity...
    Buoyancy will remain quite limited through most of the day
    along/ahead of the cold front from the upper OH Valley/central
    Appalachians into the Mid Atlantic. However, low/midlevel flow will
    be strong, with 40-50 kt in the 850-700 mb layer. Recent
    convection-allowing model guidance agrees in showing a developing
    low-topped convective band initially over eastern OH spreading into
    western PA coincident with weak instability. Have correspondingly
    adjusted the western bound of the wind risk to account for this
    model trend.

    Late in the period, somewhat richer low-level moisture (with
    dewpoints in the low 60s F) will advect inland into northern parts
    of the Mid Atlantic and southern New England. Buoyancy may become
    sufficient for somewhat deeper convection, as indicated by a modest
    increase in HREF calibrated thunderstorm probabilities between
    06-12Z. With strong low-level flow/shear in place, locally damaging
    wind and possibly a brief tornado could accompany convection along
    the front into early Monday morning.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 19 16:24:41 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 191624
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 191623

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1123 AM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025

    Valid 191630Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THROUGH TONIGHT
    FROM THE APPALACHIANS INTO THE MID-ATLANTIC...AND THIS AFTERNOON
    ALONG THE IMMEDIATE NORTHEAST GULF COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Low-topped convection with isolated lightning flashes may produce
    occasional strong-damaging gusts, and possibly a brief/weak tornado,
    this afternoon into the Appalachians and tonight into the
    Mid-Atlantic. The isolated severe-storm threat along the northeast
    Gulf coast will diminish by mid-late afternoon.

    ...Appalachians this afternoon into the Mid-Atlantic tonight...
    A sharp midlevel trough and associated 100+ kt jet will progress
    from TN/KY late this morning to the Mid-Atlantic region by early
    Monday morning. An associated surface cyclone is in the process of
    occluding just north of Lake Superior, while a trailing cold front
    continues eastward across the upper OH Valley/Appalachians today and
    reaches the Atlantic coast/southern New England overnight. A narrow
    band of shallow convection/enhanced reflectivity coincides with the
    front/wind shift from eastern KY into OH as of 16z. West of the
    surface wind shift, low-topped convection with isolated lightning
    flashes continues with the primary midlevel vorticity max/left-exit
    region of the jet across central KY/middle TN.

    Buoyancy is expected to remain weak (MUCAPE of 100-300 J/kg) and the
    depth of the frontal convection will be marginal for charge
    separation and lightning production. Still, there will be some
    potential for downward momentum transfer of ~50 kt low-midlevel flow
    and isolated wind damage with the consolidated convective band this
    afternoon from eastern OH/KY and WV eastward into the Appalachians,
    and overnight into the Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Northeast Gulf coast this afternoon...
    The remnants of early morning convection persist near and south of
    the FL Panhandle in association with a pre-frontal wind shift and a
    weakening southern stream shortwave trough. Forcing for ascent is
    expected to weaken through the afternoon and substantial inland
    destabilization is unlikely given widespread clouds and weakening
    southerly flow components with time. Thus, any remaining severe
    threat will be confined to the coast and will likely end later this
    afternoon.

    ...WA coast today...
    A midlevel trough with associated cold air aloft and steep
    low-midlevel lapse rates is spreading inland. A few low-topped
    thunderstorms have been observed this morning along the WA coast,
    and a few additional storms will be possible for the next 6 hours or
    so. Vertical shear is sufficiently strong for some storm
    organization, but the odds of sustained supercells appear too low to
    warrant the introduction of severe probabilities.

    ..Thompson/Supinie.. 10/19/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 19 19:58:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 191958
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 191956

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0256 PM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025

    Valid 192000Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THROUGH TONIGHT
    FROM THE APPALACHIANS INTO THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Low-topped convection with isolated lightning flashes may produce
    occasional strong-damaging gusts, and possibly a brief/weak tornado,
    through the remainder of this afternoon into the Appalachians and
    tonight into the Mid-Atlantic.

    ...20Z Update...
    Given the increasing lack of large-scale support and the weakening
    trend of convection near the west-central coast of Florida, severe probabilities have been removed from the Florida Panhandle/Big Bend.

    A shallow band of convection continues north and eastward from the
    upper Ohio Valley into the central Appalachians. The strongest
    mid-level ascent will continue into the Mid-Atlantic this evening.
    Despite minimal buoyancy, strong low/mid-level winds will support
    sporadic damaging wind gust potential.

    ..Wendt.. 10/19/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1123 AM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025/

    ...Appalachians this afternoon into the Mid-Atlantic tonight...
    A sharp midlevel trough and associated 100+ kt jet will progress
    from TN/KY late this morning to the Mid-Atlantic region by early
    Monday morning. An associated surface cyclone is in the process of
    occluding just north of Lake Superior, while a trailing cold front
    continues eastward across the upper OH Valley/Appalachians today and
    reaches the Atlantic coast/southern New England overnight. A narrow
    band of shallow convection/enhanced reflectivity coincides with the
    front/wind shift from eastern KY into OH as of 16z. West of the
    surface wind shift, low-topped convection with isolated lightning
    flashes continues with the primary midlevel vorticity max/left-exit
    region of the jet across central KY/middle TN.

    Buoyancy is expected to remain weak (MUCAPE of 100-300 J/kg) and the
    depth of the frontal convection will be marginal for charge
    separation and lightning production. Still, there will be some
    potential for downward momentum transfer of ~50 kt low-midlevel flow
    and isolated wind damage with the consolidated convective band this
    afternoon from eastern OH/KY and WV eastward into the Appalachians,
    and overnight into the Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Northeast Gulf coast this afternoon...
    The remnants of early morning convection persist near and south of
    the FL Panhandle in association with a pre-frontal wind shift and a
    weakening southern stream shortwave trough. Forcing for ascent is
    expected to weaken through the afternoon and substantial inland
    destabilization is unlikely given widespread clouds and weakening
    southerly flow components with time. Thus, any remaining severe
    threat will be confined to the coast and will likely end later this
    afternoon.

    ...WA coast today...
    A midlevel trough with associated cold air aloft and steep
    low-midlevel lapse rates is spreading inland. A few low-topped
    thunderstorms have been observed this morning along the WA coast,
    and a few additional storms will be possible for the next 6 hours or
    so. Vertical shear is sufficiently strong for some storm
    organization, but the odds of sustained supercells appear too low to
    warrant the introduction of severe probabilities.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 20 00:41:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 200041
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 200039

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0739 PM CDT Sun Oct 19 2025

    Valid 200100Z - 201200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
    MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Low-topped convection, with minimal to no lightning flashes, may
    produce isolated strong-damaging gusts, and possibly a brief/weak
    tornado across the Mid-Atlantic tonight.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...

    Early-evening water-vapor imagery depicts a strong upper trough
    advancing across the OH/TN Valley region. 100kt 500mb speed max is
    forecast to translate across NC to near the southern NJ coast by
    20/12z as 180dm height falls overspread the Mid-Atlantic tonight.
    Strongly forced convective line is currently observed along the cold
    front, arcing from central PA-central VA-western NC. This line will
    surge off the Mid-Atlantic coast after midnight along with the risk
    for gusty winds. 00z sounding from IAD exhibited modest 0-3km lapse
    rates, but negligible instability and a strongly sheared
    environment. Lightning may struggle to develop with this low-topped
    convection, but some risk for damaging winds remains, along with
    perhaps a brief/weak tornado.

    ..Darrow.. 10/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 20 05:27:44 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 200527
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 200525

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 AM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025

    Valid 201200Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storm risk is low today.

    ...Discussion...

    Large-scale pattern does not look particularly favorable for severe thunderstorms across the CONUS today. Even so, one notable trough
    will eject across New England and this feature is expected to aid a
    narrow band of frontal convection within a strongly sheared
    environment. Early this morning, lower-mid 50s surface dew points
    had spread across much of southern and coastal New England.
    Boundary-layer moisture should gradually increase through sunrise
    ahead of the cold front such that weak instability is expected to
    evolve within a poor lapse rate environment. Forecast soundings
    suggest a few hundred J/kg MUCAPE, but surface-based parcels will
    struggle to be buoyant except right near the wind shift. With 180dm
    height falls expected ahead of the trough, a forced line of
    low-topped convection is expected. At this time it appears
    instability will be a bit too low to warrant a meaningful risk of
    severe wind with this activity.

    Across southern Florida, trailing cold front will stall across the
    southern Peninsula. This boundary may serve as the focus for weak
    convection as PW values remain seasonally high with adequate
    buoyancy for deep updrafts.

    ..Darrow/Thornton.. 10/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 20 12:54:14 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 201254
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 201252

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0752 AM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025

    Valid 201300Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The severe thunderstorm risk is low today.

    ...Synopsis...
    Water-vapor imagery this morning shows a potent mid- to upper-level
    trough quickly moving east-northeast across the Lower Great Lakes
    and Mid-Atlantic states. This upper feature will move into New
    England later today. A band of showers and low-topped convection
    are located east of a front forecast to push east through much of
    the Northeast through the late afternoon. A moist airmass with weak instability was sampled by the 12 UTC ALB and OKX raobs (500-750
    J/kg MUCAPE). However, current observations and short-term model
    guidance suggest a very limited spatiotemporal window for deeper
    convection to develop this morning. Although the risk for localized
    strong gusts cannot be ruled out, a meaningful risk of severe wind
    appears too low with this activity.

    Across southern Florida, trailing cold front will stall across the
    southern Peninsula. This boundary may serve as the focus for weak
    convection as PW values remain seasonally high with adequate
    buoyancy for deep updrafts.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 20 16:17:15 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 201617
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 201615

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1115 AM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025

    Valid 201630Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The severe thunderstorm risk is low today.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Current satellite imagery shows a pair of shortwave troughs
    traversing the CONUS: a sharp, well-defined wave moving across the
    Northeast and a lower-amplitude, more broad wave progressing through
    the northern High Plains/northern Plains. The majority of the CONUS
    is characterized by dry and stable conditions as high pressure
    follows in the wake of a strong cold front associated with the
    Northeast shortwave trough. The only exception is across New England
    and far southern FL, which remain ahead of the cold front. The cold
    front is expected to continue eastward/northeastward through New
    England today, while becoming increasingly occluded as the
    associated surface low tracks more northerly. A band of showers is
    ongoing across New England now, but scant buoyancy across the region
    has kept storms shallow thus far. A few instances of lightning are
    still possible within this band as well as a few stronger,
    convective augmented gusts. However, the overall severe probability
    should remain too low to introduce an outlook area. A few isolated thunderstorms are possible ahead of the front in south FL as well,
    but weak shear should preclude any severe threat.

    Two other areas could see isolated thunderstorms this
    afternoon/evening and overnight, both associated with the western
    shortwave trough moving across the northern Plains into the Upper
    Midwest. A few isolated thunderstorms are possible this
    afternoon/evening across southeast MT and adjacent northeast WY and
    western SD amid strong forcing for ascent and cooling mid-level
    temperatures. Aa instance or two of small hail is possible as well.
    Farther southeast, a few thunderstorms are possible overnight into
    early tomorrow morning from the Arklatex into northwest MS as the
    cold front associated with this shortwave moves through. These
    storms should be post-frontal with very limited severe potential.

    ..Mosier/Jirak.. 10/20/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 20 19:46:48 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 201946
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 201945

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0245 PM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025

    Valid 202000Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    No severe threat is expected today or tonight across the continental
    U.S.

    No change is made to this outlook from the previous outlook.

    ..Broyles.. 10/20/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1115 AM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025/

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Current satellite imagery shows a pair of shortwave troughs
    traversing the CONUS: a sharp, well-defined wave moving across the
    Northeast and a lower-amplitude, more broad wave progressing through
    the northern High Plains/northern Plains. The majority of the CONUS
    is characterized by dry and stable conditions as high pressure
    follows in the wake of a strong cold front associated with the
    Northeast shortwave trough. The only exception is across New England
    and far southern FL, which remain ahead of the cold front. The cold
    front is expected to continue eastward/northeastward through New
    England today, while becoming increasingly occluded as the
    associated surface low tracks more northerly. A band of showers is
    ongoing across New England now, but scant buoyancy across the region
    has kept storms shallow thus far. A few instances of lightning are
    still possible within this band as well as a few stronger,
    convective augmented gusts. However, the overall severe probability
    should remain too low to introduce an outlook area. A few isolated thunderstorms are possible ahead of the front in south FL as well,
    but weak shear should preclude any severe threat.

    Two other areas could see isolated thunderstorms this
    afternoon/evening and overnight, both associated with the western
    shortwave trough moving across the northern Plains into the Upper
    Midwest. A few isolated thunderstorms are possible this
    afternoon/evening across southeast MT and adjacent northeast WY and
    western SD amid strong forcing for ascent and cooling mid-level
    temperatures. Aa instance or two of small hail is possible as well.
    Farther southeast, a few thunderstorms are possible overnight into
    early tomorrow morning from the Arklatex into northwest MS as the
    cold front associated with this shortwave moves through. These
    storms should be post-frontal with very limited severe potential.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 21 00:29:18 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 210029
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 210027

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0727 PM CDT Mon Oct 20 2025

    Valid 210100Z - 211200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential will increase later tonight across the lower
    Mississippi Valley. Severe weather is not expected.

    ...01z Update...

    Nocturnal cooling is contributing to a stabilizing boundary layer
    across most of the CONUS early this evening. 00z soundings support
    this with only meager instability observed at UNR within a steep
    low-level lapse rate environment. South FL soundings continue to
    exhibit modest buoyancy but lightning trends are definitively down.
    This trend is expected to continue over the next few hours.

    Later tonight, elevated instability will increase across the lower
    MS Valley. Weak convection is expected to develop across this region along/ahead of a surging frontal zone. Forecast soundings do not
    appear particularly favorable for large hail and severe
    probabilities will not be introduced.

    ..Darrow.. 10/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 21 05:35:21 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 210535
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 210533

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1233 AM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025

    Valid 211200Z - 221200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated thunderstorms are possible over the Great Lakes, South
    Florida, and the northwest Gulf Coast regions. Organized severe
    threat appears low today.

    ...Discussion...

    Strong upper trough will dig into the central Great Lakes region by
    late afternoon as 80+kt 500mb speed max translates across southern
    IL into central KY. 180m 12hr height falls will overspread much of
    the Great Lakes region with substantial falls expected as far south
    as the TN Valley. Latest model guidance suggests notable
    boundary-layer heating will occur across southern IL/IN into
    southern Lower MI by mid day, just ahead of a surging cold front.
    This will contribute to steep 0-3km lapse rates and weak instability
    as convective temperatures are breached by 19z ahead of the wind
    shift. Forecast soundings support this with a few hundred J/kg
    SBCAPE by early afternoon as 500mb temperatures cool below -24C.
    Isolated thunderstorms should develop within a strongly forced
    environment then spread downstream ahead of the progressive trough.
    With surface dew points expected to mix into the upper 30s there is
    some concern this activity could generate gusty winds; however, mean
    wind in the boundary layer should remain around 30kt and this may
    prove too weak to warrant more than sub-severe mixing/downdrafts.

    Isolated thunderstorms, a few possibly strong, are also expected
    along the trailing boundary across the lower MS Valley. While
    large-scale forcing will be limited at lower latitudes, instability
    will be considerably greater, though deep-layer shear will not be
    strong. Current thinking is convection should remain sub severe with
    the possibility for gusty winds.

    Elsewhere - scattered convection should once again develop across
    the southern FL Peninsula today, and perhaps across southern New
    England very late in the period as LLJ strengthens into this part of
    the country.

    ..Darrow/Moore.. 10/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 21 12:38:22 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 211238
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 211236

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0736 AM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025

    Valid 211300Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR A PORTION OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to locally severe gusts are possible this afternoon
    over a portion of the southern Great Lakes.

    ...Southern Great Lakes...
    Morning water-vapor imagery indicates an upper vorticity maximum
    over western IA will quickly rotate through the base of a
    larger-scale trough/mid-level low centered over the Upper
    Midwest/Great Lakes. This upper feature is forecast to move across
    the southern Great Lakes during the afternoon as a belt of intense
    mid- to high-level flow arcs from the north-central Plains through
    the MS/OH Valleys and into the Mid-Atlantic states. The mid-level
    cold pocket (-24 to -27 deg C at 500 mb) will overspread a boundary
    layer with surface temperatures rising into the lower 60s
    immediately ahead of a cold front. Latest RAP/NAM/HRRR model
    guidance shows a plume of 0-3 km lapse rates in excess of 9 deg C/km
    protruding northeast from IN into northwest OH as widely scattered
    convection develops during the early to mid afternoon. As this
    shallow convection matures, strong to locally severe gusts (50-65
    mph) are possible for a few hours before this activity weakens by
    the early evening as it spreads across the Lake Erie vicinity.

    Elsewhere, isolated thunderstorms are possible over portions of
    northwest Gulf Coast states into the southern Appalachians, and late
    tonight over portions of southern New England.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 21 16:26:54 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 211626
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 211625

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1125 AM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025

    Valid 211630Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to locally severe gusts are possible this afternoon
    over parts of the southern Great Lakes.

    ...Synopsis...
    Morning water-vapor loop and upper-air data indicate a midlevel low
    tracking east-southeastward over the upper Midwest -- accompanied by
    cold 500-mb temperatures (around -28C). This feature will continue
    eastward across the Great Lakes through the period, while a cold
    front moves from the Upper OH Valley to the Atlantic Coast. Within
    the base of the midlevel low, an embedded vorticitiy maximum will
    move across the Lower Great Lakes through the afternoon, while a
    related surface front/wind shift overspreads IN, OH, and Lower MI.

    ...Southern Great Lakes...
    In the wake of a weakening band of showers along the departing front
    over the upper OH Valley, mostly clear skies will promote
    boundary-layer heating/steepening low-level lapse rates (shallow
    inverted-V profiles) beneath the midlevel cold pocket -- yielding
    marginal destabilization across parts of northern OH and southeast
    Lower MI. As widely scattered convection along the secondary surface
    front/wind shift spreads/develops into this environment, a modest
    uptick in updraft intensity is possible this afternoon. Given strong
    deep-layer flow flanking the midlevel low, isolated strong-locally
    severe convectively enhanced wind gusts (45-60 mph) will be possible
    during the late afternoon into early evening time frame. Small hail
    will also be possible with any shallow cellular convection.

    ...Central Gulf Coast vicinity...
    A warm, moist, and uncapped air mass ahead of the tail-end of the
    cold front will support isolated thunderstorms across parts of east
    TX into southern LA this afternoon. While moderate surface-based
    buoyancy and around 25 kt of effective shear could promote a couple
    strong storms along the front, warm temperatures aloft and minimal
    large-scale forcing for ascent should generally limit upward
    accelerations in updrafts.

    ..Weinman/Supinie.. 10/21/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 21 20:00:26 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 212000
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 211958

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0258 PM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025

    Valid 212000Z - 221200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to locally severe gusts are possible this afternoon
    over parts of the southern Great Lakes.

    ...20Z Update...
    Minimal changes were made with this update. The MRGL risk area was
    trimmed behind an eastward-moving band of low-topped convection in
    southeast Lower MI, where temperatures have dropped into the lower
    50s. As these storms continue eastward across the remainder of far
    southeast Lower MI and northern OH this afternoon, strong to locally
    severe gusts (45-60 mph) will remain possible -- aided by steepened pre-convective boundary-layer lapse rates and 35-40-kt flow below 2
    km AGL (per VWP data).

    Farther south, the TSTM area was trimmed behind the
    southeastward-moving cold front in the Southeast, and in the
    southern Appalachians where convection has generally outpaced the
    remaining buoyancy.

    ..Weinman.. 10/21/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1125 AM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025/

    ...Synopsis...
    Morning water-vapor loop and upper-air data indicate a midlevel low
    tracking east-southeastward over the upper Midwest -- accompanied by
    cold 500-mb temperatures (around -28C). This feature will continue
    eastward across the Great Lakes through the period, while a cold
    front moves from the Upper OH Valley to the Atlantic Coast. Within
    the base of the midlevel low, an embedded vorticitiy maximum will
    move across the Lower Great Lakes through the afternoon, while a
    related surface front/wind shift overspreads IN, OH, and Lower MI.

    ...Southern Great Lakes...
    In the wake of a weakening band of showers along the departing front
    over the upper OH Valley, mostly clear skies will promote
    boundary-layer heating/steepening low-level lapse rates (shallow
    inverted-V profiles) beneath the midlevel cold pocket -- yielding
    marginal destabilization across parts of northern OH and southeast
    Lower MI. As widely scattered convection along the secondary surface
    front/wind shift spreads/develops into this environment, a modest
    uptick in updraft intensity is possible this afternoon. Given strong
    deep-layer flow flanking the midlevel low, isolated strong-locally
    severe convectively enhanced wind gusts (45-60 mph) will be possible
    during the late afternoon into early evening time frame. Small hail
    will also be possible with any shallow cellular convection.

    ...Central Gulf Coast vicinity...
    A warm, moist, and uncapped air mass ahead of the tail-end of the
    cold front will support isolated thunderstorms across parts of east
    TX into southern LA this afternoon. While moderate surface-based
    buoyancy and around 25 kt of effective shear could promote a couple
    strong storms along the front, warm temperatures aloft and minimal
    large-scale forcing for ascent should generally limit upward
    accelerations in updrafts.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 22 00:26:57 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 220026
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 220025

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0725 PM CDT Tue Oct 21 2025

    Valid 220100Z - 221200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorm potential is low tonight.

    ...01z Update...

    Strong midlevel height falls are spreading across the Mid-Atlantic
    early this evening. Latest water-vapor imagery depicts a progressive
    trough advancing into the upper OH Valley and along with it
    seasonally cold 500mb temperatures. This has contributed to steep
    0-3km lapse rates and weak buoyancy north of the jet. However,
    boundary layer cooling will negate this to a large degree over the
    next few hours and convection should gradually weaken. Latest
    lightning data supports this with decreasing flashes evident across
    eastern OH. Even so, models appear to have underestimated buoyancy a
    bit across western/northern VA as updrafts have penetrated levels
    necessary for lightning. 00z sounding from IAD exhibited around 70
    J/kg MUCAPE if lifting a parcel near 2km AGL - just adequate for
    lightning discharge. Have extended thunder probabilities into this
    portion of the Mid-Atlantic to account for ongoing thunderstorms,
    which should spread into southern PA over the next few hours.

    ..Darrow.. 10/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 22 05:18:00 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 220517
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 220516

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1216 AM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025

    Valid 221200Z - 231200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe threat is negligible today.

    ...Discussion...

    Dominant upper trough over the northeastern part of the CONUS will
    influence much of the country east of the Rockies during the day1
    period. Surface anticyclone is expected to settle into lower
    latitudes which will force a front deep into the Gulf basin. As a
    result, continental air mass will limit buoyancy across much of the
    region.

    Even so, lightning is expected with convection across portions much
    of New England prior to a strong frontal passage, and over the
    warmer waters of the lower Great Lakes. Another region where
    lightning is expected is across portions of the southwest. A notable
    upper low is approaching southern CA and this feature will advance
    inland as a 500mb speed max translates across the lower CO River
    Valley into AZ late in the period. PW values are not forecast to be
    that high so instability will be limited ahead of the trough.
    Despite the weak buoyancy, lightning is expected with the deeper
    convective updrafts, initially across central CA by mid day, then
    spreading east toward the Four Corners by early evening.

    ..Darrow/Thornton.. 10/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 22 12:51:32 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 221251
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 221250

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0750 AM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025

    Valid 221300Z - 231200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The severe weather risk appears negligible through tonight.

    ...Synopsis...
    Water-vapor imagery this morning shows a pronounced upper trough/low
    over the Northeast and southeast Canada, while another similar
    feature moves ashore the CA coast today. In the low levels, a front
    will push northeast through New England today. A several hour
    window of opportunity will exist for low-topped thunderstorms to
    develop ahead of the front across southern New England. The 12 UTC
    OKX raob only showed around 200 J/kg MUCAPE in proximity to where
    weak convection has developed this morning. Model forecast
    soundings vary regarding the magnitude of instability (i.e., scant
    to weak) across southern New England this morning, casting some
    uncertainty on storm intensity. The scenario of a negligible risk
    for severe from weak/shallow convection appears most probable with
    this activity before it pushes east of the coast. Farther west over
    CA and the Desert Southwest, isolated to scattered thunderstorms
    will intermittently occur as a lobe of ascent and adequate PW
    facilitate the development of storms through early evening.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 22 16:29:10 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 221629
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 221627

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1127 AM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025

    Valid 221630Z - 231200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The severe weather risk appears negligible through tonight.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Current satellite imagery shows a pair of cyclones over North
    America, a more broad cyclone centered over the Great
    Lakes/southeastern Ontario and another more compact cyclone farther
    west just off the central/southern CA Coast. Surface analysis
    reveals a pair of lows associated with the Great Lakes cyclone: an
    occluded low beneath the primary cyclone over Lake Huron and another triple-point low farther east over the coast of southern ME.
    Continued northeastward progression of this system, including the
    coastal ME surface low, will continue to push the warm sector
    farther offshore, limiting any severe potential. Lightning is still
    possible within the warm-air advection showers throughout the
    afternoon, with the highest coverage across Downeast ME. Isolated
    lightning is also still possible across New England where continued
    forcing for ascent and cold mid-level temperatures could support
    deeper updrafts. Isolated lightning flashes are also possible over
    and in close proximity to the Lower Great Lakes, where warm lake
    temperatures locally steepen the low-level lapse rates.

    Farther west, the cyclone off the central/southern CA coast is
    expected to progress eastward across central CA and far southern NV
    during the period. Showers and thunderstorms are ongoing ahead of
    this cyclone from central CA into the Great Basin and AZ. Increasing
    low to mid-level moisture and decreasing mid-level temperatures
    downstream of this cyclone will support continued thunderstorms
    downstream into the Four Corners and western NM.

    ..Mosier/Weinman.. 10/22/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 22 19:54:44 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 221954
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 221953

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0253 PM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025

    Valid 222000Z - 231200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not expected tonight.

    ...20Z Update...
    The primary change made to the Day 1 Convective Outlook was to trim thunderstorm probabilities across portions of the Lower Colorado
    River Basin and the Northeast, where the progression of upper
    troughs are shunting scant buoyancy northeastward, away from the
    aforementioned regions, reducing thunderstorm potential. Otherwise,
    the previous forecast remains on track.

    ..Squitieri.. 10/22/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1127 AM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025/

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Current satellite imagery shows a pair of cyclones over North
    America, a more broad cyclone centered over the Great
    Lakes/southeastern Ontario and another more compact cyclone farther
    west just off the central/southern CA Coast. Surface analysis
    reveals a pair of lows associated with the Great Lakes cyclone: an
    occluded low beneath the primary cyclone over Lake Huron and another triple-point low farther east over the coast of southern ME.
    Continued northeastward progression of this system, including the
    coastal ME surface low, will continue to push the warm sector
    farther offshore, limiting any severe potential. Lightning is still
    possible within the warm-air advection showers throughout the
    afternoon, with the highest coverage across Downeast ME. Isolated
    lightning is also still possible across New England where continued
    forcing for ascent and cold mid-level temperatures could support
    deeper updrafts. Isolated lightning flashes are also possible over
    and in close proximity to the Lower Great Lakes, where warm lake
    temperatures locally steepen the low-level lapse rates.

    Farther west, the cyclone off the central/southern CA coast is
    expected to progress eastward across central CA and far southern NV
    during the period. Showers and thunderstorms are ongoing ahead of
    this cyclone from central CA into the Great Basin and AZ. Increasing
    low to mid-level moisture and decreasing mid-level temperatures
    downstream of this cyclone will support continued thunderstorms
    downstream into the Four Corners and western NM.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 23 00:31:13 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 230031
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 230029

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0729 PM CDT Wed Oct 22 2025

    Valid 230100Z - 231200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated thunderstorms are possible, primarily across portions of
    the southwestern U.S., this evening.

    ...01z Update...

    Water-vapor imagery depicts an upper low advancing inland across
    southern CA. This feature will move into northwestern AZ by 23/12z
    as 500mb speed max translates across the lower CO River Valley into
    eastern AZ late tonight. Along/north of this jet, cool midlevel
    temperatures and steep lapse rates are proving favorable for
    isolated thunderstorms. While nocturnal cooling should lead to
    weaker updrafts and less lightning by late evening, a few flashes
    may continue to accompany elevated convection that forms in response
    to moistening midlevels ahead of the trough.

    ..Darrow.. 10/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 23 05:41:16 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 230541
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 230539

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1239 AM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025

    Valid 231200Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are expected this afternoon into the
    overnight hours across the southern Great Plains.

    ...Southern Great Plains...

    Southern CA upper low is advancing east in line with latest model
    guidance. Early morning water-vapor imagery depicts a well-defined
    circulation approaching the lower CO River Valley. This feature is
    forecast to progress into the southern Rockies by 24/00z, and shift
    slowly east during the overnight hours. As the trough moves east,
    LLJ will begin to increase across the southern Great Plains,
    especially during the evening when speeds should exceed 40kt across
    west TX into the TX Panhandle. While lee cyclogenesis is not
    expected to be particularly focused/intense, low-level warm
    advection will focus across the southern Plains and an extended
    convective event is expected, especially during the latter half of
    the period extending into the day2 period.

    Low-level trajectories are becoming a bit more favorable for Gulf
    moisture to advance across south TX into the High Plains. 70s dew
    points are currently noted across deep South TX while 60F dew points
    are noted as far north as Kimble Count. PW values will increase
    markedly over the next 24-36hr across TX into OK and this will
    contribute to destabilization ahead of the approaching trough.
    Models suggest a southwest-northeast oriented boundary will extend
    from the TX South Plains into southwest OK by mid afternoon.
    Strongest boundary-layer heating will be just south of this wind
    shift and modest 0-3km lapse rates should aid buoyancy by peak
    heating as temperatures warm into the low-mid 80s. This boundary
    will prove instrumental in convective development as midlevel flow
    begins to increase ahead of the trough. Forecast soundings suggest
    supercells are possible and hail is likely the primary concern.
    However, as moisture increases near the boundary conditions may
    become a bit more favorable for a tornado or two. Severe risk will
    likely linger well into the overnight hours as the primary corridor
    of deep convection will not move appreciably across the southern
    Plains.

    Upstream, isolated robust convection should develop within
    cool/steep lapse rate environment across the southern Rockies. This
    activity should be diurnally driven and some risk for marginally
    severe hail/wind is possible.

    ..Darrow/Thornton.. 10/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 23 12:25:39 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 231225
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 231223

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0723 AM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025

    Valid 231300Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are expected this afternoon into the
    overnight hours across the southern Great Plains.

    ...Southern Great Plains...
    Morning water-vapor imagery shows a mid- to upper-level low near the
    NV/UT/AZ border and model guidance shows this feature moving east
    into southern CO by late tonight. Southerly low-level flow is
    forecast to gradually increase through the evening and aid in
    moisture advecting northward from south-central TX (12.5 g/kg lowest
    100-mb mean mixing ratio via the 12 UTC Del Rio, TX raob) into
    northwest TX and southern OK. Models continue to show only weak lee cyclogenesis, but the pronounced increase of a LLJ and associated
    low-level warm advection will aid in storm development and focus
    severe potential late this afternoon but especially into the
    evening/overnight.

    A southwest-northeast oriented boundary will extend from the TX
    South Plains into southwest OK by mid afternoon. The stronger
    heating and moisture increase will likely set up along and south of
    the boundary. The latest forecast soundings suggest supercells
    capable of a threat for large hail will be the primary risk from the
    TX South Plains northeast into southwest OK during the evening.
    Some enlargement of the hodograph and moistening low levels could
    yield an isolated risk for a tornado, in addition to localized
    severe gusts with the stronger storms. An increase in convective
    coverage is expected through the late evening as the LLJ and
    associated warm advection promote clustering and messy storm modes
    with time, coincident with a waning overall severe threat into the
    overnight.

    Farther west, diurnally-driven storms will likely develop in closer
    proximity to the mid-level cold pocket over the southern Rockies.
    An isolated risk for marginally severe hail/wind is possible with
    this activity before subsiding during the evening.

    ..Smith/Bentley.. 10/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 23 16:31:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 231631
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 231629

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1129 AM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025

    Valid 231630Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are expected this afternoon into the
    overnight hours across the southern Great Plains.

    ...Southern Plains...
    A well-defined shortwave trough continues to push eastward through
    the Four Corners and Southwest this morning. Expectation is for this
    trough to extend from western CO southwestward through northwest NM
    and eastern AZ by early tomorrow morning. Enhanced mid-level flow
    associated with this trough will expand eastward into the southern
    High Plains by early this evening, with continued expansion into
    more of the southern Plains expected overnight.

    Mass response and modest surface cyclogenesis ahead of this
    shortwave will result in strengthening low-level flow throughout the
    day, with 60s dewpoints likely reaching northwest TX and southwest
    OK by 21Z. Low-level moisture advection is anticipated into the
    southern High Plains as well, but will be offset by strong
    heating/deep boundary-layer mixing. Late-afternoon dewpoints across
    the Permian Basin/TX South Plains will likely be in the mid 50s. The
    resulting discontinuity in the moisture (and temperature) fields may
    result in low-level convergence, although this convergence should be
    relatively modest given the diffuse character of the boundary and
    generally modest cyclogenesis. Even so, this convergence could be
    enough for convective initiation, particularly given its
    persistence. The best location for initial convective initiation
    appears to be in the northwest TX/southwest OK vicinity where the
    best overlap between low-level convergence, low-level moisture, and
    steep mid-level lapse rates exists. How this initial development
    evolves in uncertain, but there is some potential for a few
    supercells. Large hail is possible with any supercells early, with a
    trend towards more wind gusts as these storms become outflow
    dominant. Tornado risk will be limited by relatively weak low-level
    flow and higher storm bases, but a low-probability threat still
    exists given the increase vorticity near the boundary.

    Overall thunderstorm coverage is expected to increase significantly
    during the evening amid a combination of an increasing large-scale
    ascent and a strengthening low-level jet. This should largely favor
    elevated storm modes, with hail as the primary risk. That being
    said, increasing low-level moisture with eastern extent could result
    in trends towards more surface-based character and potentially a few
    stronger gusts. However, the more linear/clustered mode should keep
    the tornado risk low.

    ...NM and southern CO...
    Diurnally-driven storms will likely develop in closer proximity to
    the mid-level cold pocket over the southern Rockies. An isolated
    threat for marginally severe hail/wind is possible with this
    activity before subsiding during the evening.

    ..Mosier/Moore.. 10/23/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 23 19:52:13 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 231952
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 231950

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0250 PM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025

    Valid 232000Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    WESTERN TEXAS INTO SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered severe storms are likely across the southern Great
    Plains this evening through tonight.

    ...20Z Update...
    The previous forecast remains generally on track. An isolated
    instance of severe hail/wind remains possible across portions of the
    southern Rockies, as cold temperatures aloft overspread a seasonably
    warm and moist low-level airmass (see MCD 2163 for more details).
    Later this evening into tonight, multiple rounds of strong
    thunderstorms (some producing severe hail and perhaps wind) still
    appear likely within the warm sector. The best chance for a tornado
    would be with storms at the nose of the warm-air advection regime in
    northwest TX into central OK, where veering low-level vertical wind
    profiles and robust moisture best coincide.

    ..Squitieri.. 10/23/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1129 AM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025/

    ...Southern Plains...
    A well-defined shortwave trough continues to push eastward through
    the Four Corners and Southwest this morning. Expectation is for this
    trough to extend from western CO southwestward through northwest NM
    and eastern AZ by early tomorrow morning. Enhanced mid-level flow
    associated with this trough will expand eastward into the southern
    High Plains by early this evening, with continued expansion into
    more of the southern Plains expected overnight.

    Mass response and modest surface cyclogenesis ahead of this
    shortwave will result in strengthening low-level flow throughout the
    day, with 60s dewpoints likely reaching northwest TX and southwest
    OK by 21Z. Low-level moisture advection is anticipated into the
    southern High Plains as well, but will be offset by strong
    heating/deep boundary-layer mixing. Late-afternoon dewpoints across
    the Permian Basin/TX South Plains will likely be in the mid 50s. The
    resulting discontinuity in the moisture (and temperature) fields may
    result in low-level convergence, although this convergence should be
    relatively modest given the diffuse character of the boundary and
    generally modest cyclogenesis. Even so, this convergence could be
    enough for convective initiation, particularly given its
    persistence. The best location for initial convective initiation
    appears to be in the northwest TX/southwest OK vicinity where the
    best overlap between low-level convergence, low-level moisture, and
    steep mid-level lapse rates exists. How this initial development
    evolves in uncertain, but there is some potential for a few
    supercells. Large hail is possible with any supercells early, with a
    trend towards more wind gusts as these storms become outflow
    dominant. Tornado risk will be limited by relatively weak low-level
    flow and higher storm bases, but a low-probability threat still
    exists given the increase vorticity near the boundary.

    Overall thunderstorm coverage is expected to increase significantly
    during the evening amid a combination of an increasing large-scale
    ascent and a strengthening low-level jet. This should largely favor
    elevated storm modes, with hail as the primary risk. That being
    said, increasing low-level moisture with eastern extent could result
    in trends towards more surface-based character and potentially a few
    stronger gusts. However, the more linear/clustered mode should keep
    the tornado risk low.

    ...NM and southern CO...
    Diurnally-driven storms will likely develop in closer proximity to
    the mid-level cold pocket over the southern Rockies. An isolated
    threat for marginally severe hail/wind is possible with this
    activity before subsiding during the evening.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 24 00:40:10 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 240039
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 240038

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0738 PM CDT Thu Oct 23 2025

    Valid 240100Z - 241200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered severe storms are possible across the southern
    Great Plains tonight.

    ...01z Update...

    Only minor changes are warranted to severe probabilities across the
    southern Great Plains tonight. Otherwise, earlier thoughts regarding
    the evolution of convection remain.

    Southern stream short-wave trough is advancing across the Four
    Corners region into the southern Rockies early this evening.
    Water-vapor imagery depicts this feature well with the leading edge
    of large-scale forcing now spreading into the southern High Plains
    region. Well ahead of the short wave, remnants of a weak midlevel
    vort are located just northwest of OKC, shifting east. Strong-severe
    convection is evolving ahead of this feature along a corridor of
    modest lapse rates/buoyancy. 00z sounding from OKC exhibited around
    1700 J/kg MLCAPE with wind profiles favoring supercells.

    Southwest-northeast surface boundary will likely serve as the focus
    for severe storms tonight. This boundary should remain draped from
    west TX into southern OK and low-level warm advection is expected to
    aid ongoing activity, and new development through 12z. 00z sounding
    from MAF was negligibly inhibited with very steep lapse rates and
    modest instability. With LLJ expected to increase across west TX
    into the Panhandle, a prolonged convective event is expected
    along/north of the wind shift. Hail should be the primary concern,
    through wind, and perhaps a tornado or two remain possible.

    ..Darrow.. 10/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 24 05:36:49 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 240536
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 240535

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1235 AM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025

    Valid 241200Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are expected across portions of
    Texas. A few tornadoes, damaging winds, and large hail may occur.

    ...Texas...

    Upper low near the Four Corners region has slowed considerably and
    will only advance into the southern High Plains by the end of the
    day1 period. Early this morning, a notable midlevel speed max is
    ejecting across the northern Gulf of CA. This feature will translate
    across northern Mexico into the extreme southern portions of the Big
    Bend region by 25/00z before the strongest flow advances into
    northeast TX by the end of the period. This low-latitude speed max
    will encourage a weak surface low to drop south across west TX, then
    southeast along the Rio Grande River as midlevel heights fall across
    TX.

    A southwest-northeast corridor of convection persists from west TX
    into the Red River region at 0530z, and this is reinforcing a
    surface boundary that should struggle to advance appreciably north
    through the period. Strongest LLJ will focus across the TX South
    Plains and this is expected to modulate multiple convective events,
    especially near the stalled boundary. Extensive clouds/precipitation
    will limit boundary layer heating, but modest buoyancy is expected
    across much of western into south central TX as midlevel flow
    increases during the day.

    While LLJ will prove instrumental in convective development both
    prior to sunrise and early in the period, large-scale forcing should
    encourage thunderstorm development by early afternoon along the
    eastern edge of stronger boundary layer heating across west TX. This
    activity should grow upscale and propagate east as a larger complex
    of storms. Strengthening wind profiles favor supercells, but storm
    mode will likely be complex with storm mergers and one or more MCSs
    likely. All hazards are possible with supercells, but wind will be
    more common with linear activity. Convection should easily advance
    beyond the I-35 corridor, possibly approaching the coastal Plain of
    TX by 25/12z.

    ..Darrow/Wendt.. 10/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 24 12:20:20 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 241220
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 241218

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0718 AM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025

    Valid 241300Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS MUCH OF WEST...NORTHWEST...AND CENTRAL TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible across portions of Texas
    mainly this afternoon through this evening. Large hail, severe
    gusts, and a couple of tornadoes are possible.

    ...Texas...
    Water-vapor imagery this morning shows a mid- to upper-level low
    near the San Juan Mountains in southwestern CO. This upper feature
    is forecast to slowly migrate southeastward to the TX South Plains
    by daybreak Saturday. A belt of moderately strong southwesterly
    500-mb flow will extend through the base of the trough over
    Chihuahua east-northeastward through west and central TX. Morning
    surface analysis places a frontal zone draped from the mouth of the
    Sabine River (TX-LA border) northwestward through north TX and
    northward through western OK. An ill-defined cold front extends
    from southwest KS southwestward bisecting NM. The northwestern rim
    of richer moisture (upper 50s to lower 60s degree F surface
    dewpoints) arcs from southwestern TX through the TX South Plains and
    into the eastern TX Panhandle.

    Isolated to widely scattered showers/thunderstorms ongoing this
    morning are in association with a broad, low-level warm/moist
    advection zone via a 40 kt 850-mb LLJ centered over northwest TX.
    The LLJ is progged to gradually weaken during the period and shift
    slowly east while a low-level warm-air advection regime persists
    through the period. A somewhat nebulous boundary (best
    characterized as a weak wind shift/northern moisture gradient) will
    probably serve as a focus for strong/severe storm activity expected
    to develop later today. Some modest heating in wake of early
    showers will lead to a destabilizing airmass by afternoon, despite
    rather extensive mid- to high-level cloud cover. A gradual
    development of scattered to numerous storms will likely occur this
    afternoon into the evening coincident with diurnal destabilization.
    Similar to prior forecast thinking, strengthening wind profiles
    favor supercells, but storm mode will likely be complex with storm
    mergers and one or more MCSs likely, but specific details in terms
    of potential mesoscale corridors for severe remain unclear at this
    time. All hazards are possible with supercells, but wind will be
    more common with linear activity. Convection should easily advance
    beyond the I-35 corridor, possibly approaching the coastal plain of
    TX by early Saturday morning.

    ..Smith/Weinman.. 10/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 24 16:08:19 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 241608
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 241606

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1106 AM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025

    Valid 241630Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible across portions of Texas
    mainly this afternoon through this evening. Large hail, severe
    gusts, and a couple of tornadoes are possible.

    ...Texas...

    An upper trough and associated 500 mb jet streak will continue to
    overspread western TX into the afternoon. Large-scale ascent
    associated with the ejecting trough and 40+ kt effective shear
    within a low-level warm advection regime is supporting strong
    thunderstorms across far West TX this morning. This activity may
    initially pose a risk for marginally severe hail within the modestly
    unstable environment.

    A cold front/wind shift draped across the Panhandle will only shift
    modestly southeast through the period, while a stationary
    boundary/moisture gradient remains oriented over western/central OK
    into east TX. Low to mid 60s F dewpoints will be common between the
    two surface boundaries and beneath steepening midlevel lapse rates.
    While cloud cover will suppress heating to some degree across
    western TX, convection is expected to slowly increase in
    coverage/intensity by early to mid-afternoon. MLCAPE around
    1500-2000 J/kg is expected amid supercell wind profiles. Veering
    vertical wind profiles will result in enlarged and favorably curved
    low-level hodograph, while increasing southwesterly flow aloft will
    favor elongated hodographs above 2-3 km. In combination with
    favorable lapse rates/midlevel thermodynamic profiles, any cellular/supercellular convection will pose a risk for large hail,
    with isolated 2+ inch hail possible.

    Some tornado risk will also accompany storms today and this evening
    aided by supercell wind profiles. However, low-level lapse rates and
    0-3 km MLCAPE will remain modest. Furthermore, the 850 mb low-level
    jet is expected to weaken through the day and shift east/northeast.
    While some strengthening of the low-level jet may occur during the
    evening, it is not expected to be particularly strong. Nevertheless
    a couple of tornadoes could occur with supercells across portions of
    the Permian Basin toward central TX.

    Convective evolution may become messy quickly given storm mergers
    and a lack of strong surface cyclogenesis. With time, linear
    convection is expected to develop and spread east across central TX
    into the evening. One or more MCSs may develop and approach the
    coastal plain by Saturday morning. Linear convection will pose a
    risk of strong to locally damaging gusts.

    ..Leitman/Karstens.. 10/24/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 24 19:43:21 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 241943
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 241941

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0241 PM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025

    Valid 242000Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible across portions of Texas
    mainly this afternoon through this evening. Large hail, severe
    gusts, and a couple of tornadoes are possible.

    ...20z Update...
    The primary forecast adjustment was a northward expansion of the 5%
    tornado and 15% wind (Slight risk) probabilities into portions of
    north-central TX. Recent surface observations across the DFW metro
    show a pocket of higher theta-e air characterized by dewpoints in
    the upper 60s and low 70s. This air mass should advect to the
    northwest through the late afternoon/evening hours where it will
    likely be impinged upon by an approaching convective line (which is
    in the early stages of development across western TX per KMAF
    imagery). Forecast soundings from recent high-res guidance suggest
    low-level SRH may increase to around 150 m2/s2 in tandem with a
    modest uptick in the low-level jet ahead of the line. This
    combination of localized high-quality moisture and increasing
    low-level shear may support a corridor where a few embedded
    circulations within the line may be more probable. This idea is also
    supported by recent HRRR/RRFS runs, which depict a secondary UH
    maximum across north Texas approximately during the 23-03 UTC
    period. Elsewhere, the previous forecast remains on track with no
    changes required. See the previous discussion below and MCD #2168
    for additional details.

    ..Moore.. 10/24/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1106 AM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025/

    ...Texas...

    An upper trough and associated 500 mb jet streak will continue to
    overspread western TX into the afternoon. Large-scale ascent
    associated with the ejecting trough and 40+ kt effective shear
    within a low-level warm advection regime is supporting strong
    thunderstorms across far West TX this morning. This activity may
    initially pose a risk for marginally severe hail within the modestly
    unstable environment.

    A cold front/wind shift draped across the Panhandle will only shift
    modestly southeast through the period, while a stationary
    boundary/moisture gradient remains oriented over western/central OK
    into east TX. Low to mid 60s F dewpoints will be common between the
    two surface boundaries and beneath steepening midlevel lapse rates.
    While cloud cover will suppress heating to some degree across
    western TX, convection is expected to slowly increase in
    coverage/intensity by early to mid-afternoon. MLCAPE around
    1500-2000 J/kg is expected amid supercell wind profiles. Veering
    vertical wind profiles will result in enlarged and favorably curved
    low-level hodograph, while increasing southwesterly flow aloft will
    favor elongated hodographs above 2-3 km. In combination with
    favorable lapse rates/midlevel thermodynamic profiles, any cellular/supercellular convection will pose a risk for large hail,
    with isolated 2+ inch hail possible.

    Some tornado risk will also accompany storms today and this evening
    aided by supercell wind profiles. However, low-level lapse rates and
    0-3 km MLCAPE will remain modest. Furthermore, the 850 mb low-level
    jet is expected to weaken through the day and shift east/northeast.
    While some strengthening of the low-level jet may occur during the
    evening, it is not expected to be particularly strong. Nevertheless
    a couple of tornadoes could occur with supercells across portions of
    the Permian Basin toward central TX.

    Convective evolution may become messy quickly given storm mergers
    and a lack of strong surface cyclogenesis. With time, linear
    convection is expected to develop and spread east across central TX
    into the evening. One or more MCSs may develop and approach the
    coastal plain by Saturday morning. Linear convection will pose a
    risk of strong to locally damaging gusts.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 25 00:34:53 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 250034
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 250033

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0733 PM CDT Fri Oct 24 2025

    Valid 250100Z - 251200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms with isolated large hail, damaging
    wind gusts and potentially a tornado or two will be possible across
    parts of Texas this evening.

    ...Southern Plains...
    On water vapor imagery, a trough is located over the southern
    Rockies with divergent west-southwesterly flow located over the
    southern Plains. Scattered to numerous storms are ongoing within a
    plume of mid-level moisture located from southwest Texas
    northeastward into north-central Texas. The storms are located along
    a zone of strong low-level convergence, on the northwestern edge of
    a moist airmass. Within much of this airmass, the RAP is estimating
    MLCAPE in the 1000 to 2500 J/kg range. Over the top of this airmass,
    the RAP is analyzing a mid-level jet streak from northern Mexico
    into central Texas, where 500 mb speeds are between 40 and 50 knots.
    The stronger flow is evident on the 00Z Del Rio sounding which has
    0-6 km shear near 50 knots. In addition, the sounding has steep low
    to mid-level lapse rates in the 7 to 7.5 C/km range. This will
    support supercells with large hail. Hailstones of greater than 2
    inches in diameter will be possible within the more intense cores.
    The greatest potential for very large hail will be from the western
    Texas Hill Country westward to eastern parts of the Texas Big Bend.
    These storms will also be capable of severe wind gusts, and
    potentially a brief tornado.

    Further to the northeast into central and north-central Texas, the
    storms have organized into a line near the western edge of the
    stronger low-level flow. This could favor severe wind gusts as the
    primary threat, although large hail will also be possible with the
    more intense parts of the line. A brief tornado along the leading
    edge of the line could also occur. The ongoing storms are forecast
    to move eastward across the remainder of the Texas Hill Country this
    evening. Although the severe threat should become more isolated
    later this evening, large hail and severe wind gusts will still be
    possible within any convection that can remain organized. The severe
    threat should become more marginal late tonight as the storms move
    onto the Texas Coastal Plains.

    ..Broyles.. 10/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 25 06:01:57 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 250601
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 250600

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0100 AM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 251200Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    TEXAS AND LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms with a tornado threat, large hail and
    severe wind gusts are possible this afternoon and evening from
    central Texas eastward into the lower Mississippi Valley. Very large
    hail will be possible across parts of the middle Texas Coastal
    Plain. A couple of severe gusts or a brief tornado are also possible
    over parts of the Pacific Northwest.

    ...Western Gulf States...
    A mid-level low will move eastward into the southern Plains today,
    as an associated jet streak translates eastward through the base of
    the system. Ahead of the system, diffluent southwesterly mid-level
    flow will be in place over much of the western Gulf Coast states. A
    linear MCS will be ongoing at the start of the period across
    southeast Texas. A tornado and wind-damage threat will exist with
    the more intense segments of the line. The severe threat will
    continue to move eastward across central and southern Louisiana this
    morning, reaching the New Orleans area by early afternoon.

    Although the line will stabilize the airmass over much of Louisiana,
    moderate instability is expected to redevelop in its wake over the
    Texas Coastal Plain, where MLCAPE is forecast to reach the 1500 to
    2500 J/kg range by afternoon. Along the western edge of the stronger instability, low-level convergence will aid scattered convective
    initiation this afternoon across eastern parts of the Texas Hill
    Country and over the middle Texas Coastal Plain. RAP forecast
    soundings late this afternoon from San Antonio to Houston have 0-6
    km shear around 50 knots with 700-500 mb lapse rates near 7 C/km.
    This should support supercells with large hail. The more intense
    supercells could produce hailstones greater than 2 inches in
    diameter.

    In addition, 0-3 km storm relative-helicity is forecast to be in the
    200 to 250 m2/s2 range over the middle Texas Coastal Plain
    suggesting that a few tornadoes will be possible. A potential will
    exist for a strong tornado, although this remains uncertain. The
    storms are expected to congeal into a linear convective system by
    early evening. A potential for damaging wind gusts will exist along
    the leading edge of the line, with the threat continuing into the
    early overnight period, along and near the coast of southern
    Louisiana.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    A mid-level trough, and an associated plume of moisture, will move
    eastward into the Pacific Northwest today. Strong large-scale ascent
    will be favorable for thunderstorm development along the coast of
    Washington and Oregon. A brief tornado and marginally severe wind
    gusts will be possible as cells move inland near the coast. Further
    east into parts of southeast Washington and far northeast Oregon,
    thunderstorm development will be possible late this afternoon as a
    low-level jet streak moves across the region. In this area, lapse
    rates will be steep and flow will be strong suggesting that an
    isolated wind-damage threat will be possible.

    ..Broyles/Wendt.. 10/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 25 12:42:59 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 251242
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 251241

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0741 AM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 251300Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    TEXAS AND LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible today into tonight from
    central Texas eastward into the lower Mississippi Valley.

    ...TX-LA...
    Water-vapor imagery shows a mid- to upper-level low over the
    southern High Plains and it is forecast to move east across much of
    OK by early Sunday morning. Strong cyclonic 500-mb flow (40-60 kt)
    will move through the base of the larger scale trough over TX and
    eventually moving into the lower MS Valley. An ongoing MCS across
    southwestern LA and the northwest Gulf of America will likely
    progress eastward across southern LA through early afternoon. An
    isolated risk for damaging gusts (55-65 mph) and a brief tornado may
    continue east but be increasingly confined to the coastal parishes
    as the squall line's eastward movement outpaces appreciable inland destabilization.

    High uncertainty is apparent farther west across central into east
    and coastal portions of TX. Earlier shower/thunderstorm activity
    across much of the mid and upper coastal plain of TX has rendered
    substantial convective overturning of the airmass from the coastal
    plain northwestward towards the I-35 corridor north of a composite
    outflow boundary. Models vary regarding destabilization and this
    signal in model data is congruent with forecaster experience in
    placing low confidence in potential storm evolution later this
    afternoon into the evening across central and east TX. Nonetheless,
    there will probably exist a window of opportunity for diurnal
    destabilization arcing around the south and west portions of the
    mesoscale surface high. Some forecast soundings show moderate
    instability in the presence of strong mid to high-level westerly flow---supporting supercells and storm organization with
    accompanying potential for damaging gusts.

    Have adjusted the northern bounds of tornado probabilities farther
    south in closer proximity to richer moisture, and removed 15-percent
    hail probabilities across southeast TX and LA where lapse rates will
    likely remain stunted through early Sunday morning. The tornado
    risk correspondingly will tend to favor any supercell development in
    proximity to richer moisture and mesovortex structures within parent
    QLCSs, but low confidence exists regarding this forecast given
    aforementioned convective-related concerns.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    A mid-level trough, and an associated plume of moisture, will move
    eastward into the Pacific Northwest today. Strong large-scale
    ascent will be favorable for thunderstorm development along the
    coast of Washington and Oregon. A brief tornado risk could develop
    near the immediate coast and marginally severe wind gusts will be
    possible as cells move inland. Farther east into parts of southeast
    Washington and far northeast Oregon, thunderstorm development will
    be possible late this afternoon with perhaps isolated severe gusts
    associated with the stronger thunderstorms.

    ..Smith/Weinman.. 10/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 25 16:29:32 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 251629
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 251628

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1128 AM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 251630Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS INTO SOUTHERN LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible today into tonight from
    parts of south-central Texas into the lower Mississippi Valley.

    ...South-Central/Coastal Texas into Louisiana...
    Extensive convective overturning occurred overnight/early this
    morning across central/east TX into LA with an MCS that has decayed
    across coastal LA as of late this morning. Recent radar and visible
    satellite imagery show a band of outflow arcing from south-central
    LA across the northwest Gulf and into south-central TX. The degree
    of destabilization that can occur today from central/east TX into LA
    in the wake of this outflow remains uncertain. Cool mid-level
    temperatures will persist through the period across the southern
    Plains as a closed mid/upper-level low moves slowly eastward from
    the TX Panhandle across OK. The best potential for weak to locally
    moderate instability to develop this afternoon may exist over
    portions of central into southeast TX, where some cloud breaks are
    noted and generally mid 60s surface dewpoints are still in place.

    Current expectations are for scattered thunderstorms to redevelop
    this afternoon along a secondary outflow boundary extending across
    central into east/coastal TX, as ascent associated with a 40-50+ kt
    mid-level jet rounding the base of the upper trough/low overspreads
    this area. Deep-layer shear will be strong enough to support
    supercells with this initial activity. Large hail may occur with any
    sustained supercell. With time this evening, outflow interactions
    should encourage another MCS to develop across southeast TX and
    vicinity. Scattered damaging winds should become a greater concern
    as this MCS develops eastward across parts of LA overnight into
    early Sunday morning. Although low-level flow is not forecast to be
    overly strong, a few tornadoes still appear possible both with the
    initial supercells and embedded circulations within the MCS. Given observational trends and recent model guidance suggesting robust destabilization will struggle with northward extent, severe
    probabilities have been confined/adjusted southward across
    central/east TX into LA with this update.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    A mid-level trough and associated strong jet will move eastward
    across parts of the Pacific Northwest through the period. Pronounced large-scale ascent will prove favorable for thunderstorm development
    along coastal WA/OR. A brief waterspout/tornado could develop/move
    ashore near the immediate coast, and marginally severe wind gusts
    will be possible as low-topped cells move inland. Separately, parts
    of southeast WA into northeast OR and ID may see isolated to
    scattered thunderstorm development late this afternoon, with
    occasional severe gusts possible with the more robust convection.
    Weak instability forecast across both areas should keep the overall
    severe threat rather isolated/marginal.

    ..Gleason/Squitieri.. 10/25/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Oct 25 19:47:03 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 251946
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 251945

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0245 PM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 252000Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS INTO SOUTHERN LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible today into tonight from
    parts of south-central Texas into the lower Mississippi Valley.

    ...20z Update...
    The previous forecast largely remains on track with only a slight
    northward adjustment of the 5% hail/wind probabilities across
    portions of central/eastern TX ahead of developing convection.
    Immediately downstream of these storms, temperatures have been slow
    to warm, resulting in a regional minimum of buoyancy. It remains
    unclear how intense convection will be along the I-20 corridor due
    to the modest buoyancy, but strong deep-layer wind shear and some
    degree of air mass recovery may be sufficient for an isolated
    hail/wind threat. Additional thunderstorm development to the
    south/southwest along the I-35 corridor remains likely by late afternoon/evening as ascent ahead of the upper trough increases.
    Temperatures across the Austin/San Antonio region (and
    southeastwards along the TX coast) have increased to the mid 70s to
    low 80s, which is eroding lingering inhibition and supporting MLCAPE
    values upwards of 1500 J/kg. As such, the current Slight risk area
    continues to highlight the best convective environment with the
    expectation for increasing thunderstorm coverage heading into the
    evening hours. Additional forecast details outlined in the previous
    discussion below remain on track.

    ..Moore.. 10/25/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1128 AM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025/

    ...South-Central/Coastal Texas into Louisiana...
    Extensive convective overturning occurred overnight/early this
    morning across central/east TX into LA with an MCS that has decayed
    across coastal LA as of late this morning. Recent radar and visible
    satellite imagery show a band of outflow arcing from south-central
    LA across the northwest Gulf and into south-central TX. The degree
    of destabilization that can occur today from central/east TX into LA
    in the wake of this outflow remains uncertain. Cool mid-level
    temperatures will persist through the period across the southern
    Plains as a closed mid/upper-level low moves slowly eastward from
    the TX Panhandle across OK. The best potential for weak to locally
    moderate instability to develop this afternoon may exist over
    portions of central into southeast TX, where some cloud breaks are
    noted and generally mid 60s surface dewpoints are still in place.

    Current expectations are for scattered thunderstorms to redevelop
    this afternoon along a secondary outflow boundary extending across
    central into east/coastal TX, as ascent associated with a 40-50+ kt
    mid-level jet rounding the base of the upper trough/low overspreads
    this area. Deep-layer shear will be strong enough to support
    supercells with this initial activity. Large hail may occur with any
    sustained supercell. With time this evening, outflow interactions
    should encourage another MCS to develop across southeast TX and
    vicinity. Scattered damaging winds should become a greater concern
    as this MCS develops eastward across parts of LA overnight into
    early Sunday morning. Although low-level flow is not forecast to be
    overly strong, a few tornadoes still appear possible both with the
    initial supercells and embedded circulations within the MCS. Given observational trends and recent model guidance suggesting robust destabilization will struggle with northward extent, severe
    probabilities have been confined/adjusted southward across
    central/east TX into LA with this update.

    ...Pacific Northwest...
    A mid-level trough and associated strong jet will move eastward
    across parts of the Pacific Northwest through the period. Pronounced large-scale ascent will prove favorable for thunderstorm development
    along coastal WA/OR. A brief waterspout/tornado could develop/move
    ashore near the immediate coast, and marginally severe wind gusts
    will be possible as low-topped cells move inland. Separately, parts
    of southeast WA into northeast OR and ID may see isolated to
    scattered thunderstorm development late this afternoon, with
    occasional severe gusts possible with the more robust convection.
    Weak instability forecast across both areas should keep the overall
    severe threat rather isolated/marginal.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 26 00:52:34 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 260052
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 260051

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0751 PM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 260100Z - 261200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TONIGHT ACROSS
    PARTS OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS...CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LOUISIANA AND
    ADJACENT SOUTHWESTERN MISSISSIPPI...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Potential for severe thunderstorms may still increase overnight
    across parts of central and southern Louisiana, and perhaps as early
    as late evening across parts of southeastern Texas coastal areas.

    ...01Z Update...
    As a notable short wave perturbation pivots around the southern
    through eastern periphery of a mid/upper low now centered over the
    south central Great Plains, modest strengthening of initially weak lower/mid-tropospheric wind fields are forecast across the northwest
    Gulf coast through lower Mississippi Valley overnight. It appears
    that this may include south to southwesterly flow increasing in
    excess of 30 kts in the 850-700 mb layer across the Louisiana coast
    through southwestern Mississippi after 06Z. As this occurs, forcing
    for ascent, supported by at least modest low-level warm advection
    beneath an increasingly divergent upper flow field overspreading the
    region, may contribute to increasing thunderstorm development. In
    the presence of strong deep-layer shear and a moist low-level
    environment characterized by CAPE on the order of 1000-2000+ J/kg,
    organized convection, perhaps including supercells and an upscale
    growing cluster or two, may be accompanied by a risk for severe
    hail, potentially damaging wind gusts and a couple of tornadoes.

    ..Kerr.. 10/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 26 04:54:36 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 260454
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 260452

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1152 PM CDT Sat Oct 25 2025

    Valid 261200Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TODAY THROUGH
    TONIGHT ACROSS PARTS OF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN GULF COASTAL
    PLAIN...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms may impact the north central into eastern Gulf
    coastal vicinity this morning, then mainly this evening into early
    Monday, accompanied by at least some risk for severe weather.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that strong, generally zonal mid/upper flow will be
    maintained across the mid-latitude Pacific into western North
    America through this period. As one significant short wave trough
    emerging from this regime progresses northeast of the Canadian
    Prairies toward the northeastern Canadian Arctic latitudes, another
    is rapidly pivoting across the northern U.S. Rockies toward the
    Canadian Prairies.

    Downstream, amplification of mid/upper flow is already well
    underway, including building ridging across parts of the Upper
    Midwest through Ontario and the southern Hudson/James Bay vicinity,
    and consolidating/digging troughing near the northern Atlantic
    coast. Models suggest that a closed cyclonic circulation may evolve
    within the troughing offshore of the New England coast today through
    tonight, while a short-lived anticyclonic circulation evolves within
    the ridge across the upper Great Lakes vicinity. To the south of
    the ridge, a low initially centered over the south central Great
    Plains may slowly reform eastward across the Ozark Plateau/Mid
    South, with broadly cyclonic flow to its south overspreading the
    northern Gulf coast vicinity.

    Beneath the confluent eastern North American regime, expansive cool
    surface ridging is likely to persist, and maintain considerable
    influence as far south and west as the Gulf Coast states into
    southern Great Plains. However, relatively lower surface pressure
    may shift east of the southern Great Plains through the lower
    Mississippi Valley, with perhaps a weak embedded low developing
    across and east-southeastward offshore of the southeastern Louisiana
    coastal plain later today through tonight.

    ...Northern Gulf coast...
    In association with the evolving pattern, seasonably moist,
    potentially unstable boundary-layer air is forecast to become
    largely confined to areas near and offshore of coastal areas. A
    couple of strong storms may linger from the overnight into early
    morning across parts of southern Mississippi and southeastern
    Louisiana. However, the latest convection allowing model output
    suggests that vigorous thunderstorm development, with at least some
    potential for evolving embedded mesoscale cyclonic circulations,
    will mostly accompany the developing weak surface low. The
    environment most conducive to this may evolve this evening into
    early Monday near and offshore of the southern Alabama and western
    Florida Panhandle coast.

    ..Kerr/Wendt.. 10/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 26 12:20:39 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 261220
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 261219

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0719 AM CDT Sun Oct 26 2025

    Valid 261300Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR SOUTHEAST
    LOUISIANA INTO COASTAL AREAS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered severe thunderstorms are possible today along
    portions of the central Gulf Coast. The primary hazards are a
    couple of tornadoes and damaging gusts. A risk for a few stronger
    storms may linger tonight near the coast.

    ...Central Gulf Coast...
    IR satellite and lightning data this morning show a linear cluster
    of strong to severe thunderstorms extending northward from the
    continental shelf waters northward into southeast LA and southern
    MS. Regional WSR-88D VAD data shows the thunderstorm activity is
    located within a low-level warm conveyor to the southeast of a mid-
    to upper-level cyclone over OK.

    Surface observations at 12 UTC this morning show the northward
    extent of rich low-level moisture (i.e., 68-72 deg F dewpoints) is
    confined south of a maritime warm front that is draped
    west-northwest near the LA/MS border to the east-southeast and to
    the south of the FL Panhandle. A persistent fetch of southerly
    low-level confluent flow off the Gulf will maintain adequate
    buoyancy despite the presence of widespread showers and embedded
    thunderstorms. Enlarged hodographs and moist/weakly buoyant
    profiles will support intermittent supercell structure with the
    stronger updrafts through the morning. An attendant risk for a
    couple of tornadoes and isolated damaging gusts will likely continue
    through the morning and perhaps midday hours before a possible
    waning in storm intensity later today. As the upper system over OK
    this morning migrates eastward across the Ozarks, a re-invigoration
    of storm intensity may occur tonight in southern AL into the FL
    Panhandle. An isolated risk for damaging gusts and perhaps a
    tornado could develop.

    Elsewhere across the Lower 48, quiescent conditions for severe
    thunderstorms will prevail.

    ..Smith/Weinman.. 10/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 26 16:12:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 261612
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 261610

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1110 AM CDT Sun Oct 26 2025

    Valid 261630Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL GULF COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for a couple of tornadoes and occasional damaging gusts may
    persist this afternoon through tonight across parts of coastal
    Alabama and the Florida Panhandle.

    ...Central Gulf Coast...
    Rotating cells along/near the coast of MS/AL have a history of
    producing at least a couple of tornadoes earlier this morning, with
    the latest VWP from KMOB still showing favorable low-level hodograph
    curvature and elongation. With time, the enhanced low-level flow
    associated with an upper trough moving eastward across the lower MS
    Valley should tend to become mostly displaced to the north of
    ongoing convection. Still, sufficient low-level and deep-layer shear
    are forecast to overlap with the narrow warm sector that should
    remain draped along/very near the immediate coast of southern AL and
    parts of the FL Panhandle this afternoon through tonight. Brief
    tornadoes will remain the primary threat with low-topped, rotating
    cells that can move onshore and remain surface based. Occasional
    damaging winds may also occur. Some guidance suggests that the
    severe threat may persist this evening/overnight as the modest
    low-level jet axis shifts eastward and greater surface dewpoints
    move inland. Have therefore extended the Slight Risk eastward to
    include more of southern AL and parts of the FL Panhandle to account
    for this possibility. The northward/inland extent of appreciable
    severe risk will remain constrained by a less unstable airmass where
    generally 50s surface dewpoints exist.

    ..Gleason/Squitieri.. 10/26/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Oct 26 19:55:13 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 261955
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 261953

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0253 PM CDT Sun Oct 26 2025

    Valid 262000Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL GULF COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for a couple of tornadoes and occasional damaging gusts may
    persist this afternoon through tonight across parts of coastal
    Alabama and the Florida Panhandle.

    ...20z Update...

    No changes are needed to the current D1 Convective Outlook. With the
    warm front slightly offshore and stronger 850 mb flow displaced to
    the north, the most robust cells have remained over the Gulf this
    afternoon. It does still appear that later this evening that 850
    flow may increase again across the coast, with more favorable dew points/moisture moving inland and potential for a few rotating cells
    to move inland. As such, have maintained the Slight Risk with this
    update. See previous discussion for more information.

    ..Thornton.. 10/26/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1110 AM CDT Sun Oct 26 2025/

    ...Central Gulf Coast...
    Rotating cells along/near the coast of MS/AL have a history of
    producing at least a couple of tornadoes earlier this morning, with
    the latest VWP from KMOB still showing favorable low-level hodograph
    curvature and elongation. With time, the enhanced low-level flow
    associated with an upper trough moving eastward across the lower MS
    Valley should tend to become mostly displaced to the north of
    ongoing convection. Still, sufficient low-level and deep-layer shear
    are forecast to overlap with the narrow warm sector that should
    remain draped along/very near the immediate coast of southern AL and
    parts of the FL Panhandle this afternoon through tonight. Brief
    tornadoes will remain the primary threat with low-topped, rotating
    cells that can move onshore and remain surface based. Occasional
    damaging winds may also occur. Some guidance suggests that the
    severe threat may persist this evening/overnight as the modest
    low-level jet axis shifts eastward and greater surface dewpoints
    move inland. Have therefore extended the Slight Risk eastward to
    include more of southern AL and parts of the FL Panhandle to account
    for this possibility. The northward/inland extent of appreciable
    severe risk will remain constrained by a less unstable airmass where
    generally 50s surface dewpoints exist.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 27 00:49:46 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 270049
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 270048

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0748 PM CDT Sun Oct 26 2025

    Valid 270100Z - 271200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS EVENING
    INTO THE OVERNIGHT HOURS NEAR AND OFFSHORE OF ALABAMA AND THE
    WESTERN FLORIDA PANHANDLE GULF COAST...AND NEAR THE EAST CENTRAL
    FLORIDA ATLANTIC COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorm activity could still develop and impact areas
    near or offshore of southern Alabama through the western Florida
    Panhandle Gulf coast late this evening into the overnight hours,
    accompanied by at least some risk for severe weather.

    ...01Z...
    Expansive cold surface ridging, centered to the north of the lower
    Great Lakes region, is maintaining a considerable stabilizing
    influence as far south and west as northern Florida through the
    Texas Gulf coast and southern Great Plains. However, as broadly
    cyclonic mid-level flow continues to overspread the Gulf coast
    vicinity, model output indicates that an area of relatively lower
    surface pressure may develop along a weak baroclinic zone across and
    offshore of southeastern Louisiana coastal areas tonight.

    Along the frontal zone downstream of the low, high resolution
    ensemble output has been suggesting that the environment could
    become conducive to vigorous convective development with evolving
    embedded cyclonic mesoscale circulations. Based on latest
    observational data, some increase in such activity still appears
    possible near or offshore of coastal areas from southern Alabama
    through the western Florida Panhandle tonight. But potential for
    inland development with an appreciable risk for severe weather
    beyond immediate coastal areas appears rather low.

    Near Florida's Space Coast, coastal convergence enhanced by moist,
    potentially unstable onshore easterly low-level flow has contributed
    to sufficient lift to overcome mid-level inhibition. In the
    presence of moderate shear beneath modest westerly mid/upper
    westerlies, it appears that the environment may remain marginally
    conducive to occasional evolution of supercell structures into at
    least mid to late evening.

    ..Kerr.. 10/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 27 05:01:48 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 270501
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 270500

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1200 AM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025

    Valid 271200Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for severe thunderstorms appears negligible across the U.S.
    today through tonight.

    ...Discussion...
    Models indicate that a blocking mid/upper high will continue to
    evolve northeast of the upper Great Lakes into the southern
    Hudson/James Bay vicinity through this period. At the same time, it
    appears that the westerlies emanating from the mid-latitude Pacific
    will undergo amplification, leading to building ridging across
    British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, and digging downstream
    troughing across the Wyoming/Colorado Rockies into the central Great
    Plains. As this occurs, an initially slow moving downstream low may
    accelerate across the Mid South into the southern Appalachians
    vicinity by early Tuesday.

    While this evolving regime is forecast to maintain cold surface
    ridging across the eastern Canadian provinces through the Mid
    Atlantic, Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region, it appears that
    another notable surface ridge will build across the Intermountain
    West and Rockies into the Great Plains, before substantive low-level
    moistening occurs within modest lee surface troughing initially
    across the high plains. As the leading edge of cyclonic mid-level
    flow associated with the Southeastern low spreads across the south
    Atlantic coast, modest surface cyclogenesis may commence offshore as
    early as this afternoon. In its wake, cool/stable conditions will
    be reinforced across much of the Southeast through northwestern Gulf
    Basin.

    ...Florida...
    Beneath broadly difluent, cyclonic mid/upper flow overspreading the
    region, scattered thunderstorm development appears probable as a
    moist boundary layer destabilizes with insolation by this afternoon.
    Although some hail and gusty winds might accompany stronger
    convection, potential for reaching severe limits still seems limited
    due to the lack of colder air aloft, and generally modest to weak lower/mid-tropospheric wind fields/shear.

    ..Kerr/Wendt.. 10/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 27 11:58:21 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 271158
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 271156

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0656 AM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025

    Valid 271300Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR A SMALL
    PORTION OF THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE THIS MORNING...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A localized risk for a tornado and damaging gusts will briefly focus
    over a small portion of the Florida Panhandle this morning.

    ...FL Panhandle...
    Water-vapor imagery this morning shows a mid- to upper-level low
    over western TN which is forecast to move east today and reach the
    southern Appalachians tonight. A mid-level dryslot has moved into
    the northeast Gulf of America early this morning and is co-located
    with an 80-kt speed max at 300 mb.

    In the low levels, a stationary maritime front is draped over the
    southern portions of the FL Panhandle with a moisture-rich and
    adequately unstable airmass along and south of the boundary.
    Easterly low-level flow veering to westerly with height in the mid
    levels has resulted in a wind profile supporting updraft rotation.
    A couple of surface-based supercells have been observed approaching
    the coast this morning with cycling mesocyclones. A few hours of
    localized severe potential may develop inland over the southern
    portion of the FL Panhandle through the late morning. A tornado
    and/or a damaging gust or two are possible with the supercell
    activity near the coast.

    Elsewhere, general thunderstorms are possible over parts of the
    Great Plains states. Elongated hodographs over the central High
    Plains may aid in the development of a stronger storm or two late
    this afternoon/early evening, but storm intensity will probably
    remain limited. A few storms exhibiting transient rotation may
    develop over the near-shore waters to the east of the FL-GA-SC
    coast, but models primarily show this activity remaining offshore
    over the continental shelf/Gulf Stream.

    ..Smith/Weinman.. 10/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 27 16:14:36 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 271614
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 271612

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1112 AM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025

    Valid 271630Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE FLORIDA PENINSULA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms capable of producing
    occasional damaging winds may occur this afternoon and early evening
    across parts of the Florida Peninsula.

    ...Florida...
    Strong to locally severe convection has moved southeast and offshore
    from the Apalachicola vicinity, so the Marginal Risk has been
    removed from this area. Nearly all guidance suggests this activity
    will weaken as it approaches the west coast of the FL Peninsula this
    afternoon and moves over cooler shelf waters. Other isolated strong
    to severe thunderstorms may develop this afternoon across interior
    portions of the central FL Peninsula as continued strong diurnal
    heating occurs over this area along/south of a stalled front. Even
    though lapse rates aloft will remain modest (reference 12Z observed
    sounding from TBW), weak low-level flow will veer to
    west-southwesterly and strengthen with height through mid/upper
    levels on the southern periphery of an upper trough over the
    Southeast. The forecast combination of moderate instability and
    around 30-35 kt of deep-layer shear may support occasional
    convective organization. Isolated damaging winds appear possible
    with the stronger cores as low-level lapse rates steepen through the
    afternoon. These thunderstorms should move eastward and mostly
    offshore through early evening before eventually weakening with the
    loss of daytime heating.

    ...Central High Plains...
    An upper trough over the Northwest and northern Rockies will amplify
    as it ejects eastward over the northern/central Plains through the
    period. Surface lee troughing should deepen this afternoon/evening
    as large-scale ascent associated with the upper trough overspreads
    the central High Plains. However, recent visible satellite imagery
    and surface observations show limited low-level moisture and broken
    to widespread low clouds over this region. This should hinder the
    development of any more than meager buoyancy through the
    afternoon/evening. Even though some high-resolution guidance shows a
    stronger thunderstorm or two developing in eastern CO/western KS,
    the overall thermodynamic environment appears too marginal to
    include low severe probabilities at this time.

    ..Gleason/Leitman.. 10/27/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Oct 27 19:55:54 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 271955
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 271954

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0254 PM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025

    Valid 272000Z - 281200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
    CENTRAL FLORIDA PENINSULA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms capable of producing
    occasional damaging winds may occur this afternoon and early evening
    across parts of the Florida Peninsula.

    ...20z Update...
    The previous forecast largely remains on track. The only adjustment
    was a westward expansion of 5% wind (Marginal) risk probabilities
    into the Tampa Bay area. A remnant line of thunderstorms that began
    in the FL Panhandle early this morning has maintained intensity as
    it migrates east/southeast towards the western FL coast. KTBW
    imagery shows a well-balanced updraft/downdraft convergence zone,
    and recent GOES IR imagery shows cooling cloud-top temperatures,
    indicative of a slight intensification over the past hour. Although
    portions of this line have only produced 20-30 mph gusts thus far as
    it makes landfall, the most intense portion of the storm may impact
    near/north of the Tampa Bay area in the coming hours, warranting an
    expansion of risk probabilities. For additional details, see
    recently issued MCD #2189 and the previous discussion below.

    ..Moore.. 10/27/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1112 AM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025/

    ...Florida...
    Strong to locally severe convection has moved southeast and offshore
    from the Apalachicola vicinity, so the Marginal Risk has been
    removed from this area. Nearly all guidance suggests this activity
    will weaken as it approaches the west coast of the FL Peninsula this
    afternoon and moves over cooler shelf waters. Other isolated strong
    to severe thunderstorms may develop this afternoon across interior
    portions of the central FL Peninsula as continued strong diurnal
    heating occurs over this area along/south of a stalled front. Even
    though lapse rates aloft will remain modest (reference 12Z observed
    sounding from TBW), weak low-level flow will veer to
    west-southwesterly and strengthen with height through mid/upper
    levels on the southern periphery of an upper trough over the
    Southeast. The forecast combination of moderate instability and
    around 30-35 kt of deep-layer shear may support occasional
    convective organization. Isolated damaging winds appear possible
    with the stronger cores as low-level lapse rates steepen through the
    afternoon. These thunderstorms should move eastward and mostly
    offshore through early evening before eventually weakening with the
    loss of daytime heating.

    ...Central High Plains...
    An upper trough over the Northwest and northern Rockies will amplify
    as it ejects eastward over the northern/central Plains through the
    period. Surface lee troughing should deepen this afternoon/evening
    as large-scale ascent associated with the upper trough overspreads
    the central High Plains. However, recent visible satellite imagery
    and surface observations show limited low-level moisture and broken
    to widespread low clouds over this region. This should hinder the
    development of any more than meager buoyancy through the
    afternoon/evening. Even though some high-resolution guidance shows a
    stronger thunderstorm or two developing in eastern CO/western KS,
    the overall thermodynamic environment appears too marginal to
    include low severe probabilities at this time.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 28 01:00:54 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 280100
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 280059

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0759 PM CDT Mon Oct 27 2025

    Valid 280100Z - 281200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong storms are possible in parts of South Florida and
    the central High Plains into the ArkLaTex. Severe weather potential
    is expected to remain low, however.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper-level low continues to move towards the Mid-Atlantic from
    the Tennessee Valley region tonight. Modest mid-level flow will
    remain over parts of the Florida Peninsula, but the strongest
    convection appears to be moving offshore. While additional storms
    may develop this evening, the observed, weak mid-level lapse rates
    from regional 00Z soundings suggest limited potential for severe
    storms.

    In the central High Plains, a couple of stronger storms are moving southeastward through eastern Colorado closely tied to the digging
    upper-level trough. Cold temperatures aloft and strong deep-layer
    shear could promote small hail production, but a cooling, dry
    boundary layer should limit buoyancy and potential for larger hail.

    As the upper-trough digs into the southern Plains into Tuesday
    morning, a surface low will develop/deepen near the Red River.
    Mid-level ascent and 850 mb warm advection may promote isolated to
    widely scattered storms in parts of Oklahoma and western Arkansas.
    Shear will also be strong here as well. An occasional stronger storm
    producing small hail is possible, but modest mid-level lapse rates
    and elevated buoyancy should keep large hail potential low.

    ..Wendt.. 10/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 28 05:58:57 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 280558
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 280557

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1257 AM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025

    Valid 281200Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE SABINE RIVER VALLEY INTO SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Storms with isolated large hail and marginally severe wind gusts
    will be possible from parts of the Sabine River Valley into
    southeast Texas today.

    ...Sabine River Valley/Southeast Texas...
    A mid-level trough will move eastward across the southern Plains
    today. The exit region of an associated jet streak will overspread
    the western Gulf Coast states. At the surface, a cold front will
    advance southeastward across east Texas and the Texas Coastal Plain.
    A moist airmass will be located ahead of the front with surface
    dewpoints in the 60s and lower 70s F. As surface heating takes place
    during the day, moderate instability is likely to develop across
    much of this airmass. Low-level convergence along and near the front
    will likely result in thunderstorm development over the Ark-La-Tex
    around midday. Additional storms are expected to form southwestward
    into southeast Texas along and ahead of the front during the
    afternoon. RAP forecast soundings across southeast Texas at 21Z have
    MLCAPE around 2500 J/kg with 0-6 km shear of 40 to 50 knots. This
    would support an isolated supercell threat with cells that remain
    discrete and that have access to the stronger instability. Any storm
    that can exhibit supercell characteristics could be associated with
    isolated large hail, strong to severe wind gusts, and a marginal
    tornado threat.

    ..Broyles/Wendt.. 10/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 28 12:47:00 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 281246
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 281245

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0745 AM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025

    Valid 281300Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS
    EAST/SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND LOUISIANA/ARKLATEX...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms capable of large hail, damaging winds, and a
    tornado risk will be possible mainly during the mid/late afternoon
    and evening across east/southeast Texas and Louisiana.

    ...East/Southeast Texas to ArkLaTex/Louisiana...
    Large-scale trough amplification will steadily occur from the Great
    Plains toward the Ozarks/Mid-South through tonight. A related southeastward-moving cold front will reach the Lower Mississippi
    Valley by this evening, intercepting a relatively moist air mass
    (mid/upper 60s F surface dewpoints) that will continue to advect
    northward across southeast/east Texas and southern/western
    Louisiana. Ample warm-sector pre-frontal heating will occur into the
    afternoon particularly across east/southeast Texas, where
    mixed-layer buoyancy may exceed 2000 J/kg MLCAPE.

    Increasing storm development/intensification is expected into
    mid/late afternoon near the advancing front, with strengthening
    winds aloft (45+ kt effective shear) supportive of organized storms
    including a few supercells. Any such supercells could pose a risk
    for large hail, and possibly some tornado risk. Damaging winds may
    also occur as storms increase/merge and spread east-southward from
    far east/southeast Texas into Louisiana by early/mid-evening.
    Current thinking is the overall risk will remain relatively
    isolated, but subsequent outlooks will reevaluate any need for
    somewhat higher probabilities on a sub-regional basis.

    ..Guyer/Weinman.. 10/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 28 16:31:33 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 281631
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 281629

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1129 AM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025

    Valid 281630Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND WESTERN LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms capable of large hail, damaging winds, and a
    tornado risk will be possible mainly during the mid/late afternoon
    and evening across east/southeast Texas and Louisiana.

    ...East/Southeast Texas to ArkLaTex/Louisiana...
    An upper-level trough will move southeast, evolving into an upper
    low over the central Plains today as an associated cold front moves
    southeast across East TX/ArkLaTex region this afternoon and tonight.
    Despite overall modest mid-level lapse rates, a corridor of 60s
    surface dew points (locally higher over southeast TX), combined with
    daytime heating, will contribute to MLCAPE averaging 1500-2000 J/kg
    this afternoon.

    Thunderstorms are expected to develop/increase in coverage this
    afternoon as the cold front intersects the greater instability and
    height falls provide large-scale ascent. Strengthening low/mid-level
    flow with the approaching trough will result in shear profiles
    supportive of organized storms including supercell structures,
    evolving into clusters or linear segments this evening before
    weakening late tonight. Any more sustained supercell will have some
    tornado potential given favorably curved low-level hodographs,
    primarily within the Slight Risk area added with this update.
    Otherwise, isolated instances of severe hail or strong/severe wind
    gusts will be possible.

    ..Bunting/Barnes.. 10/28/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Oct 28 19:55:04 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 281954
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 281953

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0253 PM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025

    Valid 282000Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND WESTERN LOUISIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms capable of large hail, damaging winds, and a
    tornado risk will be possible mainly during the mid/late afternoon
    and evening across east/southeast Texas and Louisiana.

    ...20z Update...
    No updates are needed to the Day 1 Convective Outlook. Thunderstorms
    are developing along and ahead of the eastward moving cold front in
    Texas. These are expected to increase in coverage and intensity this afternoon/evening. See MCD#2192 for more information.

    ..Thornton.. 10/28/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1129 AM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025/

    ...East/Southeast Texas to ArkLaTex/Louisiana...
    An upper-level trough will move southeast, evolving into an upper
    low over the central Plains today as an associated cold front moves
    southeast across East TX/ArkLaTex region this afternoon and tonight.
    Despite overall modest mid-level lapse rates, a corridor of 60s
    surface dew points (locally higher over southeast TX), combined with
    daytime heating, will contribute to MLCAPE averaging 1500-2000 J/kg
    this afternoon.

    Thunderstorms are expected to develop/increase in coverage this
    afternoon as the cold front intersects the greater instability and
    height falls provide large-scale ascent. Strengthening low/mid-level
    flow with the approaching trough will result in shear profiles
    supportive of organized storms including supercell structures,
    evolving into clusters or linear segments this evening before
    weakening late tonight. Any more sustained supercell will have some
    tornado potential given favorably curved low-level hodographs,
    primarily within the Slight Risk area added with this update.
    Otherwise, isolated instances of severe hail or strong/severe wind
    gusts will be possible.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 29 00:38:37 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 290038
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 290036

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0736 PM CDT Tue Oct 28 2025

    Valid 290100Z - 291200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE WESTERN GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to severe storms capable of hail, marginally severe wind
    gusts, and an isolated tornado risk will be possible early this
    evening across far southeast Texas and Louisiana.

    ...Western Gulf Coast/Lower Mississippi Valley...
    The latest water vapor imagery shows a mid-level trough over the
    southern Plains, with strong westerly flow in place over much of the
    Southeast. At the surface, a front is moving southeastward across
    far southeast Texas and northwest Louisiana. Ahead of the front, a
    moist airmass is in place with surface dewpoints in the 60s and
    lower 70s F. This is contributing to weak instability along a
    relatively narrow axis just ahead of the front. Widely-spaced strong
    storms are ongoing just to the east of this moist axis, with the
    most organized convection located in southwest Louisiana. The Lake
    Charles 00Z sounding has a supercell wind profile, with 0-6 km shear
    in the 50 to 55 knot range. Directional shear is present in the low
    to mid-levels and 0-3 km storm-relative helicity is 175 m2/s2. This
    could support a marginal tornado threat over the next hour or two.
    Supercells may also be capable of producing isolated large hail
    and/or wind damage, but the threat is expected to become more
    isolated and marginal as instability decreases across the region
    over the next couple of hours.

    ..Broyles.. 10/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 29 05:39:36 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 290539
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 290538

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1238 AM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025

    Valid 291200Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Storms with marginally severe wind gusts will be possible late
    Wednesday night into early Thursday morning across parts of eastern
    North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

    ...Eastern North Carolina/Southeast Virginia...
    A mid-level low will move into the Tennessee Valley today, as a jet
    streak in the base of the system translates through the Gulf Coast
    states. Diffluent mid-level flow associated with the exit region of
    the jet will overspread the southern Atlantic Coastal states
    Wednesday evening. The core of the jet will move eastward across the
    Carolinas Wednesday night. In response, a low will develop over
    southern North Carolina after midnight, moving northeastward into
    eastern North Carolina by early Thursday morning. Low-level
    convergence near the surface low and large-scale ascent along the
    eastern edge of the mid-level jet streak will provide support for
    isolated thunderstorm development. In addition to the strong flow
    aloft, a jet max near 850 mb will translate eastward across eastern
    North Carolina and eastern Virginia late in the period.
    Thunderstorms that develop in proximity to the low-level jet could
    mix the stronger winds to the surface, resulting in an isolated
    wind-damage threat.

    ..Broyles/Wendt.. 10/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 29 12:41:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 291241
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 291239

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0739 AM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025

    Valid 291300Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS EASTERN
    NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to locally severe storms could occur late tonight and
    early Thursday across eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

    ...Eastern North Carolina/Southeast Virginia...
    Pronounced large-scale trough amplification will occur through late
    tonight and early Thursday over the Eastern States, centered over
    the Tennessee Valley/Cumberland Plateau. A strong polar jet in
    association with this trough will develop toward/east of the
    Appalachians tonight, with steady surface cyclogenesis occurring
    particularly late tonight toward the central Appalachians/Blue Ridge
    vicinity, with the 00z ECMWF continuing to exhibit a somewhat
    stronger surface low as compared to other global guidance.

    Low-level moistening will occur near the coast late tonight
    including coastal portions of North Carolina and Outer Banks,
    northward into southeast Virginia and Delmarva vicinity. Modestly
    increasing potential for mostly elevated convection/isolated
    lightning flashes will occur over inland parts of the region, but
    some near-surface based storms could materialize near the immediate
    coast, particularly if/where surface dewpoints approach 60 F late
    tonight and early Thursday. Limited buoyancy even for near-coastal
    areas should limit the overall magnitude/likelihood of the severe
    storm potential. However, a couple of locally severe storms could
    materialize in the presence of supercell-supportive deep-layer shear
    (effective magnitudes 45+ kt) and moderately enlarged low-level
    hodographs, with related potential for localized wind damage and/or
    a brief tornado.

    ..Guyer/Weinman.. 10/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 29 16:21:10 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 291621
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 291619

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1119 AM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025

    Valid 291630Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS TONIGHT FROM
    EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA INTO THE VIRGINIA TIDEWATER REGION...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to locally severe storms could occur late tonight and
    early Thursday across eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

    ...Eastern NC/VA Tidewater region tonight...
    No changes to the previous outlook. A deep midlevel trough and
    associated 100+ kt midlevel jet will progress from the MS Valley
    this morning to the TN Valley this evening and the southern
    Appalachians overnight. Surface cyclogenesis in association with
    this trough will help draw the (currently offshore) moist sector
    inland across eastern NC and the VA Tidewater region by tonight.
    Surface temperatures will warm to near 70 F and dewpoints increase
    into the mid-upper 60s, which will be sufficient for weak buoyancy
    rooted near the surface. Hodograph length/curvature will favor some
    potential for rotating storms, with a low-end wind damage and/or
    tornado threat.

    ..Thompson/Leitman.. 10/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Oct 29 19:54:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 291954
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 291952

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0252 PM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025

    Valid 292000Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS EASTERN
    NORTH CAROLINA INTO THE VIRGINIA TIDEWATER REGION...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to locally severe storms could occur late tonight and
    early Thursday across eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

    ...20z Update...
    The previous forecast remains on track with no changes required.
    Latest surface observations across the NC Tidewater region show
    winds becoming more easterly with dewpoints rising as moisture is
    slowly advected inland. This trend should continue through tonight
    and help promote buoyancy late tonight/early Thursday morning as the
    surface cyclone (currently over eastern TN) shifts northeast. See
    the previous discussion for additional details.

    ..Moore.. 10/29/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1119 AM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025/

    ...Eastern NC/VA Tidewater region tonight...
    No changes to the previous outlook. A deep midlevel trough and
    associated 100+ kt midlevel jet will progress from the MS Valley
    this morning to the TN Valley this evening and the southern
    Appalachians overnight. Surface cyclogenesis in association with
    this trough will help draw the (currently offshore) moist sector
    inland across eastern NC and the VA Tidewater region by tonight.
    Surface temperatures will warm to near 70 F and dewpoints increase
    into the mid-upper 60s, which will be sufficient for weak buoyancy
    rooted near the surface. Hodograph length/curvature will favor some
    potential for rotating storms, with a low-end wind damage and/or
    tornado threat.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 30 00:14:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 300014
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 300012

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0712 PM CDT Wed Oct 29 2025

    Valid 300100Z - 301200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few strong to locally severe storms could occur late tonight and
    early Thursday across eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia.

    ...01z Update...

    Earlier thoughts regarding severe thunderstorm potential tonight
    remain.

    Exit region of a strong 500mb speed max will shift into the western Mid-Atlantic region late tonight as the midlevel jet translates
    across the southern Appalachians into central NC by 30/12z. Weak
    surface low, currently off the NC Coast, will be drawn inland and
    low-level moisture/instability are expected to increase enough to
    support robust updrafts. Large-scale forcing is expected to aid this development, but convection should be focused ahead of the front
    late tonight. Low probabilities for wind and tornadoes continue.

    ..Darrow.. 10/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 30 05:21:43 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 300521
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 300520

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1220 AM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 311200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with an isolated damaging wind/tornado threat may
    occur from coastal North Carolina into parts of the Mid Atlantic.

    ...Middle Atlantic...

    Seasonally strong upper low over eastern TN is beginning to eject
    northeast, partly in response to an upstream speed max digging
    southeast across the northern High Plains. This lead low will
    advance into WV by 18z before moving into upstate NY by the end of
    the period. Favorable high-level diffluence/large-scale ascent will
    encourage a surface low to be drawn north-northwest across the
    Middle Atlantic to a position near the MD/PA border by mid day. This
    track will permit higher theta-e air mass to overspread eastern
    VA/Delmarva into southeast PA such that buoyancy will become
    supportive of deep convection.

    Early-day shear will prove strongest across the Middle Atlantic as
    LLJ will be focused across eastern MD into central PA. LLJ will
    shift quickly north into NY by 18z along with more focused low-level
    warm advection. Prior to this, forecast soundings exhibit strongly
    sheared environment with adequate instability for thunderstorms.
    While the maximum SBCAPE should peak near 500-600 J/kg, a few robust
    updrafts are possible given the strength of the wind fields.
    Isolated strong/severe thunderstorms, possibly supercells, may
    generate damaging winds and perhaps a tornado or two. Greatest risk
    is between sunrise and 21z.

    ..Darrow/Wendt.. 10/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 30 12:42:15 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 301242
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 301240

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0740 AM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025

    Valid 301300Z - 311200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
    MID-ATLANTIC STATES/DELMARVA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with an isolated damaging wind/tornado threat may
    occur across the Mid-Atlantic states/Delmarva vicinity today.

    ...Mid-Atlantic/Delmarva...
    The upper trough centered over the Cumberland Plateau/central
    Appalachians will continue northeastward today toward the Northeast,
    with the exit region of a strong polar jet similarly spreading from
    the Mid-Atlantic/central Appalachians toward the Northeast. Beneath
    diffluent flow aloft, a surface low will continue to deepen from the
    Blue Ridge/Delmarva north-northeastward toward southeast/east New
    York by tonight, with a northward-flux of a seasonally moist air
    mass (low/middle 60s F surface dewpoints) along the immediate
    coast/I-95 general vicinity.

    This low-level moisture/modest buoyancy will continue to
    semi-interface with a northward-transitioning low-level jet across
    the Mid-Atlantic, with strong low-level shear/SRH accentuated by
    backed (southeasterly) near-surface winds to the east of the surface
    low track. This scenario could yield a few supercells, including
    related potential for locally damaging winds and/or a tornado today.

    ..Guyer/Weinman.. 10/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 30 16:30:18 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 301630
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 301628

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1128 AM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025

    Valid 301630Z - 311200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE MID-ATLANTIC/DELMARVA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with an isolated damaging wind/tornado threat may
    occur across parts of the Mid-Atlantic/Delmarva vicinity today.

    ...Mid-Atlantic/Delmarva...
    A closed mid/upper-level low over the upper OH Valley will translate northeastward into the Mid-Atlantic and NY today, with a surface
    cold front expected to continue moving eastward across eastern NC/VA
    and the southern Mid-Atlantic. As a weak surface low develops
    northeastward into PA this afternoon/evening, a warm front will
    likewise attempt to lift northward across eastern PA and NJ. Cloud
    cover remains prevalent across the warm sector, with only filtered
    diurnal heating occurring in the presence of modest mid-level lapse
    rates (reference 12Z IAD sounding). This will temper the degree of surface-based instability which can develop this afternoon, with a
    notable mid-level dry slot also overspreading the southern
    Mid-Atlantic per recent water vapor satellite imagery.

    Even with these thermodynamic limitations, it still appears possible
    that isolated showers and thunderstorms could develop and spread
    quickly north-northeastward this afternoon across parts of the
    Delmarva vicinity into southeast PA and NJ. Strong deep-layer shear
    noted in recent VWPs from KDOX/KDIX may support organized updrafts
    with some risk for occasional damaging winds given the strength of
    the low/mid-level southerly flow. While low-level winds will have a
    tendency to veer to southwesterly with time this afternoon/evening,
    a brief tornado appears possible with any sustained updraft that can
    interact with the northward-advancing warm front. The overall severe
    threat will likely remain constrained by the poor thermodynamic
    environment. The primary change made with this update was to trim
    severe probabilities given the eastward/northward progression of the
    cold front and mid-level dry slot.

    ..Gleason/Bentley.. 10/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu Oct 30 19:54:47 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 301954
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 301953

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0253 PM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025

    Valid 302000Z - 311200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON
    ACROSS THE NORTHERN MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorms with an isolated damaging wind/tornado threat may
    occur across parts of the northern Mid-Atlantic through the
    remainder of the afternoon.

    ...Northern Mid-Atlantic the remainder of the afternoon...
    A deep midlevel low will move from the upper OH Valley to NY
    tonight, as an associated surface cyclone deepens from the
    Mid-Atlantic into New England and a trailing cold front progresses
    off the Atlantic coast. There is still a small window of
    opportunity for low-topped thunderstorms rooted near the surface,
    mainly across southeast PA and NJ. Weak surface-based CAPE is
    confined to a narrow warm sector on the nose of the midlevel dry
    intrusion, and there are attempts at updrafts in this zone.
    However, the convection is moving northward a little faster than the
    warm sector, and low-level shear is weaker where buoyancy is
    relatively maximized. Thus, only a low-end threat for wind damage
    and/or a weak tornado will persist for the next few hours before
    ending late this evening. Please see MD #2194 for additional
    details.

    Otherwise, isolated lightning flashes will be possible from parts of
    PA/NY into southern New England in the zone of weak elevated
    buoyancy and warm advection/forcing for ascent.

    ..Thompson.. 10/30/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1128 AM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025/

    ...Mid-Atlantic/Delmarva...
    A closed mid/upper-level low over the upper OH Valley will translate northeastward into the Mid-Atlantic and NY today, with a surface
    cold front expected to continue moving eastward across eastern NC/VA
    and the southern Mid-Atlantic. As a weak surface low develops
    northeastward into PA this afternoon/evening, a warm front will
    likewise attempt to lift northward across eastern PA and NJ. Cloud
    cover remains prevalent across the warm sector, with only filtered
    diurnal heating occurring in the presence of modest mid-level lapse
    rates (reference 12Z IAD sounding). This will temper the degree of surface-based instability which can develop this afternoon, with a
    notable mid-level dry slot also overspreading the southern
    Mid-Atlantic per recent water vapor satellite imagery.

    Even with these thermodynamic limitations, it still appears possible
    that isolated showers and thunderstorms could develop and spread
    quickly north-northeastward this afternoon across parts of the
    Delmarva vicinity into southeast PA and NJ. Strong deep-layer shear
    noted in recent VWPs from KDOX/KDIX may support organized updrafts
    with some risk for occasional damaging winds given the strength of
    the low/mid-level southerly flow. While low-level winds will have a
    tendency to veer to southwesterly with time this afternoon/evening,
    a brief tornado appears possible with any sustained updraft that can
    interact with the northward-advancing warm front. The overall severe
    threat will likely remain constrained by the poor thermodynamic
    environment. The primary change made with this update was to trim
    severe probabilities given the eastward/northward progression of the
    cold front and mid-level dry slot.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 31 00:24:49 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 310024
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 310023

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0723 PM CDT Thu Oct 30 2025

    Valid 310100Z - 311200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated thunderstorms are possible across the northern Middle
    Atlantic tonight.

    ...01z Update...

    Upper low is currently lifting north-northeast across western PA as
    strong midlevel jet translates toward southern New England. Exit
    region of this feature will encourage weak elevated convection
    across the northern Middle Atlantic, primarily this evening, where
    weak buoyancy appears adequate for a few flashes of lightning within
    the deepest updrafts. 00z analysis supports this with a narrow
    corridor of 250-500 J/kg MUCAPE extending across NJ. While weak
    elevated convection may develop farther north into portions of
    VT/NH, instability will likely prove too meager to warrant 10%
    thunder probabilities.

    ..Darrow.. 10/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 31 05:27:52 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 310527
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 310526

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 AM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025

    Valid 311200Z - 011200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential is low today.

    ...Discussion...

    Large-scale pattern does not appear particularly favorable for deep
    convection capable of generating lightning today. Upper troughing
    will establish itself east of the Rockies and this will ensure
    offshore flow along the Atlantic/Gulf Coasts while a continental
    environment dominates inland. Cool, stable conditions are not
    conducive for lightning, especially 10% coverage.

    ..Darrow/Squitieri.. 10/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 31 12:21:53 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 311221
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 311220

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0720 AM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025

    Valid 311300Z - 011200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential is low today and tonight.

    ...Discussion...
    Highlighted by an amplifying longwave trough east of the Rockies and
    the prevalence of continental trajectories, the large-scale pattern
    will generally not be conducive for convection capable of generating
    lightning today. A couple of lightning flashes could occur early
    today across northern New England with focused ascent near the
    surface low/northward-shifting front, but this potential will remain
    limited and diminish over time. Weak elevated convection may develop
    late tonight across west-central Texas in vicinity of the Low
    Rolling Plains as warm advection increases, but forecast
    thermodynamic profiles suggest that charge separation is unlikely
    prior to 12z Saturday.

    ..Guyer/Kerr.. 10/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 31 16:02:25 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 311602
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 311600

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1100 AM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025

    Valid 311630Z - 011200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential will remain low through tonight.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    With longwave upper troughing dominating east of the Rockies and the
    prevalence of continental surface trajectories, the large-scale
    pattern will remain generally unfavorable for thunderstorms over the
    CONUS today. Occasional lightning flashes could occur across
    northern New England with focused ascent near a surface low and northward-shifting front, but this potential will remain limited and
    further diminish this afternoon. Weak elevated convection may
    develop late tonight across west-central Texas as low-level warm
    advection increases, but forecast thermodynamic profiles suggest
    that charge separation is unlikely prior to 12Z Saturday.

    ..Gleason/Thornton.. 10/31/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri Oct 31 19:28:26 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 311928
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 311926

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0226 PM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025

    Valid 312000Z - 011200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential will remain low through tonight.

    No changes have been made to the outlook. See the previous
    discussion below for more information.

    ..Dean.. 10/31/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1100 AM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025/

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    With longwave upper troughing dominating east of the Rockies and the
    prevalence of continental surface trajectories, the large-scale
    pattern will remain generally unfavorable for thunderstorms over the
    CONUS today. Occasional lightning flashes could occur across
    northern New England with focused ascent near a surface low and northward-shifting front, but this potential will remain limited and
    further diminish this afternoon. Weak elevated convection may
    develop late tonight across west-central Texas as low-level warm
    advection increases, but forecast thermodynamic profiles suggest
    that charge separation is unlikely prior to 12Z Saturday.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 1 00:20:30 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 010020
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 010019

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0719 PM CDT Fri Oct 31 2025

    Valid 010100Z - 011200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Thunderstorm potential will remain low tonight.

    ...01z Update...

    Seasonally strong upper low over the upper MS River Valley is
    digging south in line with latest model guidance. Continental air
    mass dominates most of the CONUS and this has suppressed any
    appreciable instability south of the international border.
    Thunderstorm potential remains low tonight.

    ..Darrow.. 11/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 1 05:16:59 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 010516
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 010515

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 AM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF COASTAL SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong to isolated severe storms capable of large hail will be
    possible late this afternoon/evening across portions of Coastal
    South Texas.

    ...South Texas...

    Strong upper low is currently digging south across the upper MS
    Valley. Along the back side of this feature, a midlevel jet will
    translate across the southern High Plains toward deep South TX where
    500mb speeds will be in excess of 50kt. Surface pressures will rise
    across the southern Plains which will encourage the leading edge of
    this air mass to advance into central TX by late afternoon. Even so,
    this front is not expected to be the primary focus for robust
    convection. Latest guidance suggests a coastal boundary will
    establish itself early in the period and this feature will prove
    instrumental in potential strong-severe development. However, the
    coastal boundary should struggle to advance inland and the more
    appreciable instability will remain just offshore. Additionally,
    surface dew points are not that high across the western Gulf Basin
    where mid-upper 50s dew points are noted early this morning.
    Forecast soundings suggest lower 60s dew points should return to
    coastal South TX, and as midlevels cool by early evening, buoyancy
    is expected to become more supportive of deep convection. Wind
    profiles favor supercells and hail should be the primary concern.
    Will maintain MRGL Risk across this region as the majority of
    convection should be near the coast, or offshore.

    ..Darrow/Squitieri.. 11/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 1 12:34:28 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 011233
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 011232

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0732 AM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025

    Valid 011300Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTH
    TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms capable of large hail and locally damaging
    winds will be possible late this afternoon and evening across
    portions of South Texas.

    ...South Texas...
    Pronounced amplification and reinforcement of the longwave trough
    east of the Rockies will occur today via a southeastward-diving
    shortwave trough/jet streak over the southern High Plains and South
    Texas. This will steadily drive a cold front southeastward across
    Texas and toward the western Gulf by tonight, with low-level
    moistening occurring ahead of it. The extent/degree of moistening
    inland is a bit uncertain, but scattered thunderstorms are expected
    to develop and increase by late afternoon across the coastal plain
    near the front. These storms will be semi-low topped, with
    sufficient moisture/buoyancy for supercells in the presence of
    elongated hodographs with 45+ kt effective shear and steep mid-level
    lapse rates. The primary severe threat, including large hail and
    locally damaging winds, will be along the immediate coast, and into
    the open waters of the western Gulf tonight. A further increase in
    expected storm coverage for inland areas could warrant a
    hail-related Slight Risk in subsequent outlooks.

    ..Guyer/Kerr.. 11/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 1 16:20:34 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 011620
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 011618

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1118 AM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025

    Valid 011630Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    COASTAL/SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms capable of producing
    large hail and locally damaging winds will be possible late this
    afternoon and evening across portions of south Texas.

    ...South Texas...
    Recent visible satellite imagery, surface observations, and the VWPs
    from CRP/BRO indicate low-level moisture continues to stream
    northward across parts of the middle TX Coast and deep south TX
    ahead of a surface cold front. Within broader large-scale upper
    troughing encompassing much of the central/eastern CONUS, a
    mid-level shortwave trough over the southern High Plains late this
    morning will dig quickly southeastward across TX by this evening.
    Ascent preceding this shortwave trough will likely encourage
    scattered convective development by 22-00Z across portions of
    coastal TX and perhaps farther inland near the southeastward-moving
    cold front. Even though the low-level moisture return is not
    expected to be overly deep/rich, the presence of modestly steepened
    mid-level lapse rates amid strong diurnal heating will likely
    support the development of at least weak instability by late this
    afternoon.

    Modest east-southeasterly low-level winds will veer to
    west-northwesterly and strengthen through mid/upper levels,
    fostering strong (40-50+ kt) deep-layer shear. Resultant
    elongated/nearly straight hodographs aloft will easily support
    organized updrafts, including the potential for multiple supercells
    capable of producing mainly large hail. There is still some
    uncertainty with how many robust thunderstorms can develop over
    land, and how quickly they strengthen before moving offshore into
    the western Gulf. Still, a more favorable corridor for large hail
    should exist late this afternoon and evening from the vicinity of
    Corpus Christi northward towards/near Victoria, where a Slight Risk
    has been added with this update.

    ..Gleason/Elliott.. 11/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat Nov 1 19:48:05 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 011948
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 011946

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0246 PM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025

    Valid 012000Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    COASTAL/SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms capable of producing
    large hail and locally damaging winds will be possible late this
    afternoon and evening across portions of south Texas.

    ...20z Update...
    A westward expansion was given to the Marginal Risk across portions
    of the Texas Hill Country to account for ongoing trends. Convection
    has begun with increasing ascent near the surface low/cold front
    across portions of south-central/central Texas. This is further west
    than originally anticipated, with recent HRRR trends indicating that
    supercells may form further inland. Confidence remains low, with
    MLCIN remaining to the coast in RAP analysis and as observed in
    recent soundings from 18z at CRP. Nonetheless, with a few more hours
    of heating remaining it remains possible that a cell or two may form
    further west warranting the small nudge westward of low
    probabilities.

    ..Thornton.. 11/01/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1118 AM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025/

    ...South Texas...
    Recent visible satellite imagery, surface observations, and the VWPs
    from CRP/BRO indicate low-level moisture continues to stream
    northward across parts of the middle TX Coast and deep south TX
    ahead of a surface cold front. Within broader large-scale upper
    troughing encompassing much of the central/eastern CONUS, a
    mid-level shortwave trough over the southern High Plains late this
    morning will dig quickly southeastward across TX by this evening.
    Ascent preceding this shortwave trough will likely encourage
    scattered convective development by 22-00Z across portions of
    coastal TX and perhaps farther inland near the southeastward-moving
    cold front. Even though the low-level moisture return is not
    expected to be overly deep/rich, the presence of modestly steepened
    mid-level lapse rates amid strong diurnal heating will likely
    support the development of at least weak instability by late this
    afternoon.

    Modest east-southeasterly low-level winds will veer to
    west-northwesterly and strengthen through mid/upper levels,
    fostering strong (40-50+ kt) deep-layer shear. Resultant
    elongated/nearly straight hodographs aloft will easily support
    organized updrafts, including the potential for multiple supercells
    capable of producing mainly large hail. There is still some
    uncertainty with how many robust thunderstorms can develop over
    land, and how quickly they strengthen before moving offshore into
    the western Gulf. Still, a more favorable corridor for large hail
    should exist late this afternoon and evening from the vicinity of
    Corpus Christi northward towards/near Victoria, where a Slight Risk
    has been added with this update.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 2 00:37:06 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 020037
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 020035

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0735 PM CDT Sat Nov 01 2025

    Valid 020100Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated to scattered severe thunderstorms capable of producing
    large hail and locally damaging winds remain possible this evening
    across portions of south Texas.

    ...01z Update...

    Weak short-wave trough is digging southeast toward the south TX
    Coast early this evening. As this feature continues to dig
    southeast, coastal boundary and deeper convergence will shift
    offshore over the next few hours. Cooling midlevel temperatures and
    steepening lapse rates have aided buoyancy across this portion of TX
    and scattered robust convection has matured ahead of the short wave.
    00z sounding from BRO exhibits roughly 1500 J/kg MLCAPE, but a
    notable warm layer is observed near 3km. Midlevel cooling should
    dampen this warm layer and profiles will remain favorable for robust
    deep convection through 06-08z across deep South TX. Latest radar
    data suggests several supercell structures are digging toward the
    coast, with a few likely generating severe hail in excess of golf
    ball size. Greatest risk for severe will be prior to 06z before the
    short wave encourages deep convection to focus offshore.

    ..Darrow.. 11/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 2 05:27:38 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 020527
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 020525

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1225 AM CDT Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated thunderstorms will be possible across parts of the
    Southeast and the southern Florida Peninsula today, and eastern
    Carolinas tonight.

    ...Discussion...

    Strong, cold upper low is currently located over southeast MO,
    digging southeast toward the TN Valley. Center of circulation is
    forecast to advance into middle TN by 18z where midlevel
    temperatures will cool considerably. Latest guidance suggests 500mb temperatures will be colder than -20C across the northern half of
    AL/GA with readings as low as -28C over northern TN/southern KY.

    Modest boundary-layer heating is expected ahead of the upper low
    from northeast AL into eastern TN, and this should steepen the
    lowest 1-4km lapse rates such that surface-based parcels reach their
    convective temperatures by 18-19z. Forecast soundings exhibit a few
    hundred J/kg SBCAPE across this region and isolated thunderstorms
    are expected to evolve. While freezing levels will be quite low,
    forecast buoyancy appears inadequate for more than small hail with
    this diurnally driven activity.

    During the latter half of the period, upper low will progress across
    the southern Appalachians. This evolution will encourage a surface
    wave to develop off the Carolina Coast. As the exit region of the
    midlevel jet approaches the Southeast Coast, isolated convection is
    expected to develop. Most of this activity should be elevated and
    instability will be too weak to warrant a risk of severe.

    ..Darrow/Halbert.. 11/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 2 12:20:09 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 021220
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 021218

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0618 AM CST Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 021300Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are unlikely today or tonight.

    ...Southeast...
    An upper low centered over the Mid-South/Tennessee Valley early this
    morning will continue east-southeastward toward the coastal
    Southeast through tonight. Cool mid-level temperatures (-22C or
    colder at 500mb) will be attendant to the upper low, with modest
    boundary-layer heating preceding it across the Cumberland Plateau
    toward the southern Appalachians. Steepening low/mid-level lapse
    rates should allow surface-based parcels to reach their convective
    temperatures into the 18-20z time frame. This will support isolated thunderstorm development across northeast Alabama/northern Georgia
    and eastern portions of Kentucky/Tennessee. Some small hail might
    also occur with these low-topped thunderstorms.

    Late tonight, a surface wave is expected to develop off the coast of
    the Carolinas. A warmer/more moist air mass toward the coast will
    accompany this developing low. It seems likely that the meaningful
    warm sector will tend to remain focused offshore, although it is
    conceivable that a few stronger storms might approach the immediate
    coast/Outer Banks late tonight.

    ..Guyer/Kerr.. 11/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 2 16:04:12 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 021604
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 021602

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1002 AM CST Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 021630Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms appear unlikely through tonight.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    A mid/upper-level low centered over the TN Valley this morning will
    continue moving east-southeastward toward the coastal Southeast
    through tonight. Cool mid-level temperatures (-20 C or colder at 500
    mb) will accompany this upper low, with filtered boundary-layer
    heating preceding it across the Cumberland Plateau toward the
    southern Appalachians. Steepening low/mid-level lapse rates should
    allow surface-based parcels to reach their convective temperatures
    this afternoon. This may support isolated thunderstorm development
    across parts of northeast AL/northern GA and eastern portions of
    KY/TN. Small hail could occur with these low-topped thunderstorms
    given the cold temperature profiles aloft.

    Late tonight, a weak surface wave is forecast to develop off the
    coast of the Carolinas. A warmer/more moist airmass should advance
    toward the coast with this low. It still appears likely that the
    surface-based warm sector will remain focused offshore. But, a few
    stronger thunderstorms could approach the immediate NC Coast/Outer
    Banks late tonight/early Monday morning. Isolated thunderstorms may
    also occur through the period across portions of south FL and the
    Keys along/near a remnant front.

    ..Gleason/Thornton.. 11/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun Nov 2 19:43:10 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 021943
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 021941

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0141 PM CST Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 022000Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms appear unlikely through tonight.

    No changes were made to the previous forecast.

    ..Hart.. 11/02/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1002 AM CST Sun Nov 02 2025/

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    A mid/upper-level low centered over the TN Valley this morning will
    continue moving east-southeastward toward the coastal Southeast
    through tonight. Cool mid-level temperatures (-20 C or colder at 500
    mb) will accompany this upper low, with filtered boundary-layer
    heating preceding it across the Cumberland Plateau toward the
    southern Appalachians. Steepening low/mid-level lapse rates should
    allow surface-based parcels to reach their convective temperatures
    this afternoon. This may support isolated thunderstorm development
    across parts of northeast AL/northern GA and eastern portions of
    KY/TN. Small hail could occur with these low-topped thunderstorms
    given the cold temperature profiles aloft.

    Late tonight, a weak surface wave is forecast to develop off the
    coast of the Carolinas. A warmer/more moist airmass should advance
    toward the coast with this low. It still appears likely that the
    surface-based warm sector will remain focused offshore. But, a few
    stronger thunderstorms could approach the immediate NC Coast/Outer
    Banks late tonight/early Monday morning. Isolated thunderstorms may
    also occur through the period across portions of south FL and the
    Keys along/near a remnant front.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 3 00:43:41 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 030043
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 030042

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0642 PM CST Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 030100Z - 031200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are not expected tonight.

    ...Synopsis...
    A surface low is expected to develop off of the Carolina coastline
    as a mid-level trough approaches the Atlantic Seaboard. A pocket of
    cooler temperatures aloft will continue to progress eastward over
    northern GA, supporting the potential for a few lightning flashes
    for a couple more hours. A few lightning flashes have recently
    occurred offshore of the NC coastline, and it is possible that
    increased lift of a marginally buoyant airmass may support inland
    thunderstorm development later tonight. Ongoing thunderstorms should
    continue to drift away from the southeast FL Peninsula this evening.
    Elsewhere across the CONUS, a widespread, statically stable airmass
    should inhibit thunderstorm development.

    ..Squitieri.. 11/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 3 05:52:45 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 030552
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 030551

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1151 PM CST Sun Nov 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...NO THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are not expected today.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will rapidly traverse the Northeast as more zonal
    flow becomes established across the western and central CONUS today.
    A broad and pronounced surface trough will accompany the upper-level
    wave, and will quickly overspread the Northeast through the day as
    surface high pressure meanders over the MS Valley and the Southeast.
    Static stability should limit thunderstorm development over most of
    the CONUS. The one exception may be portions of New England, where
    just enough boundary-layer mixing may occur to foster adequate
    buoyancy (albeit scant) for low-topped convection. It is unclear if
    this convection will become deep enough to support lightning.

    ...New England this afternoon and evening...
    A 110+ kt 500 mb jet max will rapidly approach New England during
    the passage of the aforementioned surface trough. Along the trough,
    enough lift via low-level confluence will encourage the development
    of a line of showers. Showers may also develop over Lake Ontario and
    move ashore given steep low-level lapse rates beneath cool
    temperatures aloft. Some forecast soundings show minuscule boundary
    layer buoyancy ahead of and behind the surface trough. Should this
    occur, some of the showers could develop low-topped convective
    characteristics. At the moment, confidence in organized thunderstorm development is not overly high. However, if any convection that
    develops manages to acquire appreciable vertical depth, 45-60 kts of
    800-600 mb flow may encourage the downward momentum transport of
    potentially strong wind gusts. Given the low confidence in organized thunderstorm development though, the risk of 50+ kt thunderstorm
    wind gusts appears too small to warrant either thunder or severe
    probabilities at this time.

    ..Squitieri/Wendt.. 11/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 3 12:50:51 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 031250
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 031249

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0649 AM CST Mon Nov 03 2025

    Valid 031300Z - 041200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe storms are not expected today.

    ...Northeast States...
    A progressive shortwave trough will modestly amplify as it steadily
    progresses east-southeastward over the Great Lakes and
    Ontario/Quebec through tonight. Strengthening deep-layer winds will
    accompany this trough as a cold front also advances
    east-southeastward regionally. While seasonably cool temperatures
    will be prevalent, cooling mid-level temperatures and diurnally
    steepening low-level lapse rates will support increasing low-topped
    convection near the pre-frontal trough/front from mid-afternoon into
    this evening across upstate New York, and potentially into parts of
    northern New England. Some of this convection will probably be deep
    enough and thermodynamically conducive for charge separation and
    isolated lightning flashes. Some stronger convectively enhanced wind
    gusts may also occur given 35-45 kt winds within the lowest 2-3 km
    AGL. But current thinking is that organized severe potential should
    remain low given the marginal thermodynamic environment.

    ..Guyer/Kerr.. 11/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 3 16:19:17 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 031619
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 031617

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1017 AM CST Mon Nov 03 2025

    Valid 031630Z - 041200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe storms are not expected today.

    ...Northeast States...
    Recent satellite imagery shows shortwave trough over the
    Mid-Atlantic, with another lower-amplitude shortwave trough over
    Lower MI. Both of these waves are forecast to move eastward today,
    with the Mid-Atlantic wave moving offshore and the Lower MI wave
    progressing quickly across the Lower Great Lakes and Northeast.
    Showers are anticipated along and ahead of the frontal band
    associated with the Lower Great Lakes/Northeast shortwave, which is
    expected to move quickly eastward across the region throughout the
    day. Convection along and ahead of this frontal band will likely
    remain too shallow for lightning production. However, mid-level
    temperatures will continue to cool in the wake of the initial
    frontal band, with moderate large-scale forcing for ascent
    persisting as well. This combination should result in deeper
    convective cores with a more cellular structure. Given the strong
    low- to mid-level flow in place, a few stronger convectively
    enhanced wind gusts are possible, particularly around 00-04Z from
    the Mohawk Valley into the western Adirondacks.

    ..Mosier/Thornton.. 11/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon Nov 3 19:55:50 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 031955
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 031953

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0153 PM CST Mon Nov 03 2025

    Valid 032000Z - 041200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe storms are not expected today.

    ...20Z Update...
    The forecast remains on track, and no changes were made with this
    update. Similar to previous forecast thinking (see below), a few
    strong wind gusts could accompany post-frontal convection as it
    spreads eastward across parts of western/central NY tonight -- aided
    by strengthening deep-layer wind fields and steepening lapse rates.
    Given that this activity will generally be evolving behind the
    stronger DCVA preceding the midlevel shortwave trough, an
    anticipated/favored cellular mode should keep any damaging-wind risk
    isolated.

    ..Weinman.. 11/03/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1017 AM CST Mon Nov 03 2025/

    ...Northeast States...
    Recent satellite imagery shows shortwave trough over the
    Mid-Atlantic, with another lower-amplitude shortwave trough over
    Lower MI. Both of these waves are forecast to move eastward today,
    with the Mid-Atlantic wave moving offshore and the Lower MI wave
    progressing quickly across the Lower Great Lakes and Northeast.
    Showers are anticipated along and ahead of the frontal band
    associated with the Lower Great Lakes/Northeast shortwave, which is
    expected to move quickly eastward across the region throughout the
    day. Convection along and ahead of this frontal band will likely
    remain too shallow for lightning production. However, mid-level
    temperatures will continue to cool in the wake of the initial
    frontal band, with moderate large-scale forcing for ascent
    persisting as well. This combination should result in deeper
    convective cores with a more cellular structure. Given the strong
    low- to mid-level flow in place, a few stronger convectively
    enhanced wind gusts are possible, particularly around 00-04Z from
    the Mohawk Valley into the western Adirondacks.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 4 00:43:52 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 040043
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 040042

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0642 PM CST Mon Nov 03 2025

    Valid 040100Z - 041200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Organized severe storms are not expected tonight.

    ...Synopsis...
    A pronounced mid-level trough and accompanying 110+ kt 500 mb jet
    max will continue to rapidly progress over the Northeast through
    tonight. Cooler temperatures above the boundary layer are
    contributing to near 8 C/km low- to mid-level lapse rates, resulting
    in marginal (but adequate) buoyancy to support low-topped
    thunderstorm development (per the 00Z BUF observed sounding). This
    sounding also shows 50+ kt west-northwesterly flow just above the
    boundary layer, and strengthening further with height, resulting in
    elongated hodographs. It is not out of the question that some of the
    deeper convective cells may produce a few strong wind gusts over the
    next couple of hours, before the boundary layer stabilizes.

    ..Squitieri.. 11/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 4 05:32:52 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 040532
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 040531

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1131 PM CST Mon Nov 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few lightning flashes may accompany low-topped storms along the
    California and Oregon coastlines early Wednesday morning. Organized
    severe storms are not expected.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will progress eastward over the Great Lakes as a
    second upper trough impinges on the West Coast today. A surface low
    will become established over the OH Valley while high pressure
    remains in place across the Southeast and much of the Interior West.
    A cool and/or stable low-level airmass will overspread most of the
    U.S., limiting thunderstorm development. The one exception may be
    portions of the northern CA/OR coasts. Toward the end of the period
    (06-12Z Wednesday morning), cooler temperatures aloft will gradually
    overspread the shoreline with the approach of the aforementioned
    upper trough. Buoyancy (however scant), may be sufficient to support
    a few lightning flashes with the stronger, low-topped convective
    cells that manage to develop.

    ..Squitieri/Wendt.. 11/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 4 12:37:53 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 041237
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 041236

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0636 AM CST Tue Nov 04 2025

    Valid 041300Z - 051200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few lightning flashes may accompany low-topped storms along the
    California and Oregon coasts early Wednesday morning. Organized
    severe storms are not expected.

    ...Discussion...
    A shortwave trough will amplify southeastward over the Canadian
    Prairies toward the upper Great Lakes tonight, while a more
    prominent upper trough and related frontal band approach the Pacific Northwest/northern California coasts late tonight and early
    Wednesday. A cool and/or stable low-level airmass will overspread
    most of the U.S., limiting thunderstorm development. An exception
    may be portions of the Oregon and northern California coasts. In
    relation to the approaching upper trough, cooler temperatures aloft
    will gradually overspread the coast, and scant buoyancy may be
    sufficient to support a few lightning flashes with low-topped
    thunderstorms near the coast early Wednesday.

    ..Guyer/Kerr.. 11/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 4 16:29:55 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 041629
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 041628

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1028 AM CST Tue Nov 04 2025

    Valid 041630Z - 051200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few lightning flashes may accompany low-topped storms along the
    California and Oregon coasts early Wednesday morning. Organized
    severe storms are not expected.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Stable conditions will prevail across the majority of the CONUS as
    surface high pressure persists across the Southeast and a surface
    low/cold front pushes eastward/southeastward across the
    northern/central Plains and Upper Midwest. The only exception is
    along the southern OR and northern CA coasts. Here, a shortwave
    trough rotating through the base of a larger cyclone is expected to
    approach the region early tomorrow morning. Strong forcing for
    ascent and related cooling mid-level temperatures could result in
    some deeper convective cores within the frontal band preceding the
    shortwave. Some of these may briefly be deep enough to produce
    sporadic lightning along the immediate coast.

    ..Mosier.. 11/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Nov 4 19:42:55 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 041942
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 041941

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0141 PM CST Tue Nov 04 2025

    Valid 042000Z - 051200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few lightning flashes may accompany low-topped storms along the
    California and Oregon coasts early Wednesday morning. Organized
    severe storms are not expected.

    ...20z Update...
    The previous forecast remains on track with only minor adjustments
    made to reflect trends in recent high-res guidance. See the previous
    discussion below for additional details.

    ..Moore.. 11/04/2025

    .PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1028 AM CST Tue Nov 04 2025/

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    Stable conditions will prevail across the majority of the CONUS as
    surface high pressure persists across the Southeast and a surface
    low/cold front pushes eastward/southeastward across the
    northern/central Plains and Upper Midwest. The only exception is
    along the southern OR and northern CA coasts. Here, a shortwave
    trough rotating through the base of a larger cyclone is expected to
    approach the region early tomorrow morning. Strong forcing for
    ascent and related cooling mid-level temperatures could result in
    some deeper convective cores within the frontal band preceding the
    shortwave. Some of these may briefly be deep enough to produce
    sporadic lightning along the immediate coast.

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 5 00:35:27 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 050035
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 050033

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    0633 PM CST Tue Nov 04 2025

    Valid 050100Z - 051200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    A few lightning flashes may still occur early tomorrow morning along
    the California and Oregon coasts as low-topped storms approach the
    shoreline. Organized severe storms are not expected.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough continues to approach the West Coast as an upper
    ridge tracks over the northern Rockies and mainly zonal flow aloft
    persists from the Plains to the East Coast. A stable low-level
    airmass will continue to overspread most of the CONUS, limiting
    thunderstorm development. Nonetheless, the approach of the
    aforementioned upper trough may promote enough cooling aloft (and
    associated scant buoyancy), amid deep-layer ascent, to promote the
    development of a few low-topped storms. Isolated lightning flashes
    may accompany the stronger updrafts along the CA/OR coastline.

    ..Squitieri.. 11/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Nov 5 05:37:00 2025
    ACUS01 KWNS 050536
    SWODY1
    SPC AC 050535

    Day 1 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1135 PM CST Tue Nov 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PARTS OF THE
    PACIFIC NORTHWEST COASTLINE AND PORTIONS OF THE NORTHEAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible through the day along the
    western Oregon and far northern California coastal region. Strong,
    potentially damaging gusts may accompany the stronger showers or
    low-topped thunderstorms that can develop over parts of the
    Northeast.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level trough will amplify while rapidly traversing the
    Northeast, with upper ridging prevailing over the central CONUS, and
    another mid-level trough impinging on the West Coast today. While
    surface high pressure and associated statically stable conditions
    should inhibit thunderstorms across much of the central U.S., at
    least isolated lightning flashes will be possible over the Northeast
    and Pacific Northwest coastline. In both regions, deep-layer ascent
    (and accompanying strong vertical wind shear), with cooler
    temperatures aloft, will overspread a marginally unstable boundary
    layer. As such, an isolated severe risk could accompany any of the
    stronger storms that can materialize over the Northeast and
    Northwest Pacific Coast.

    ...Northern California and Oregon Coastlines...
    As the mid-level trough overspreads the northern CA/Oregon
    coastlines during the morning hours, cooler temperatures aloft will
    foster steep mid-level lapse rates atop a maritime airmass,
    resulting in a couple hundred J/kg MLCAPE. Through the afternoon,
    rapidly strengthening winds with height will be in place, resulting
    in enlarged but mostly straight/elongated hodographs. Any
    thunderstorms that manage to develop will be capable of a couple
    strong to severe wind gusts. Some forecast soundings do show some
    low-level curvature closer to the coastline, with 150-250 m2/s2
    effective SRH noted. As such, if a sustained, land-falling
    low-topped supercell can develop, a tornado cannot be ruled out.

    ...Portions of the Northeast...
    A surface low will deepen while traversing the Northeast, overspread
    by a 100+ kt 500 mb jet wind maximum and cooler temperatures aloft
    during the afternoon hours. Such conditions will support a dynamic
    and highly sheared environment over portions of the northern
    Appalachians into the Hudson Valley and southern New England. The
    rapid passage of a surface trough will limit moisture return during
    the day though. As such, any buoyancy that can develop will be scant
    at best. The current thinking is that the aforementioned cooling
    aloft, atop a marginally destabilized boundary layer, may support a
    couple hundred J/kg MLCAPE. Such buoyancy should be adequate for
    low-topped convective showers, but perhaps barely sufficient (if at
    all) for convective parcels to reach the -10C layer, which would
    foster the charge separation needed for lightning.

    Nonetheless, 40-60 kt west-southwesterly flow at 400-1000 m AGL will
    be present, from roughly central PA to southern New England. As
    such, any stronger showers (or perhaps short-lived low-topped
    thunderstorms) that can develop may encourage sufficient downward
    momentum transport for a few strong, potentially damaging wind gusts
    during the afternoon and evening hours.

    ..Squitieri/Wendt.. 11/05/2025

    $$

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